Nuclear Fission Motivation Principle Nuclear reactor & Weapon

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Presentation transcript:

Nuclear Fission Motivation Principle Nuclear reactor & Weapon Statistics

Relativistic Energy The famous Einstein relationship for energy includes both the kinetic energy and rest mass energy for a particle. The kinetic energy of a high speed particle can be calculated from The relativistic energy of a particle can also be expressed in terms of its momentum in the expression

Uranium-235 Fission Energy From Uranium Fission Form of Energy Released Amount of Energy Released (MeV) Kinetic energy of two fission fragments 168 Immediate gamma rays 7 Delayed gamma rays 3-12 Fission neutrons 5 Energy of decay products of fission fragments ... Gamma rays Beta particles 8 Neutrons 12 Average total energy released 215 MeV

If at least one neutron from each fission strikes another U-235 nucleus and initiates fission, then the chain reaction is sustained.

Control - Weapons or Power? In general, the steady production of atomic power requires a slow-neutron-induced fission chain reaction occurring in a mixture or lattice of uranium and moderator, while an atomic bomb requires a fast-neutron-induced fission chain reaction in U-235 or Pu-239, although both slow- and fast-neutron fission may contribute in each case. The technological gap between producing a controlled chain reaction and using it as a large-scale power source or a explosive is comparable to the gap between the discovery of fire and the manufacture of a steam locomotive.

PHWR (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor)

PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor)

The atomic bombing of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945

Statistics In 2000, there were 438 commercial nuclear generating units throughout the world, with a total capacity of about 351 gigawatts. In 2001, there were 104 (69 pressurized water reactors, 35 boiling water reactors) commercial nuclear generating units that are licensed to operate in the United States, producing 32,300 net megawatts (electric), which is approximately 20 percent of the nation's total electric energy consumption. The United States is the world's largest supplier of commercial nuclear power. http://www.wikiverse.org http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hframe.html

Water as Moderator Neutrons from fission have very high speeds and must be slowed greatly by water "moderation" to maintain the chain reaction. The uranium-235 is enriched to 2.5 - 3.5% to allow ordinary water to be the moderator. Loss or the water coolant kills the chain reaction since the fuel configuration is not "critical" without water moderation. Even with the moderator, the fuel is not "critical" without the inclusion of the "delayed" neutrons which may be emitted several minutes after the fission.