CHEMISTRY 103 Fall 2017.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Physical Science Chapter 2
Advertisements

Ch. 1 – Matter and Its Properties. Scientific Method  Steps  Ask a __________________________  Observe and collect data  Formulate a hypothesis (a.
Chapter 1/2 Chemistry and Matter.
Physical Science Matter. The Study of Matter Matter - Occupies Space and has mass Matter - Occupies Space and has mass.
C HAPTER 1 Matter, Energy and Change. What is Chemistry? 1. Is a physical science: looks at nonliving things (rocks, stars, electricity) 2. Is the study.
An Introduction to Chemistry Foundations of College Chemistry, 14 th Ed. Morris Hein and Susan Arena The vibrant colors of the aurora borealis are the.
Chemistry Unit - 8th Grade Science
What is Chemistry?.
Chemistry: The Study of Change Chapter 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Basic Concepts of Chemistry Chapter Chemistry and Its Methods Scientific Method Hypotheses Laws Theories.
Chapter 1- matter and change Bravo – 15,000 kilotons.
An Introduction to Chemistry, Lab Skills, and Measurement Unit 1.
Aspirinsucrose Matter – types and properties of. Chemistry is the science that investigates and explains the structure and properties of matter. Composition,
What is Matter? (Part 1 – Glencoe chapter 18-1). I. Chemistry The study of matter and how it changes Differences in material properties relate to what.
Introduction Matter and Change
What is Matter? CP Chemistry notes Mixtures vs. Pure Substances
INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY I. What is Chemistry II. The Scientific Method III. Vocabulary Related to Research and the Scientific Method.
Introduction to Chemistry
Chemistry - investigates and explains: structure and properties/behavior of matter Matter = anything that takes up space and has mass = everything around.
Chemistry is the study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter, the processes that matter undergoes, and the energy changes that accompany.
Chapter 1: Chemistry: The Study of Change Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century Health and Medicine pharmaceuticals gene therapy Energy nuclear fission/fusion.
Chemistry: The Study of Change Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Scientific Method Collect Facts and Data Hypothesis Test hypothesis Modify hypothesis Conclusion.
Let’s Play Review Jeopardy!. Scientific Method Vocab. Global Chemistry Areas of Chemistry $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500Misc.
Chemistry is a Physical Science Chapter 1, Sections 1 and 2.
MassMass Is a measure of the amount of matter. Mass is the measurement you make using a balance.
Today’s Starting Point
Chp 2. MATTER & MATERIALS. 2.1 Chemistry A branch of science that deals with the composition, structure, properties and reactions (transformations) of.
Matter and Energy Chapter 1 & 2 vocabulary Chemistry.
Chapter 1 Chemistry: The Science of Matter Fill in the blanks in your notes with the words bolded in orange.
Branches of Chemistry BranchArea of Emphasis Examples Organic chemistry most carbon-containing chemicalspharmaceuticals, plastics Inorganic chemistry in.
Introduction to Matter Matter: has mass & occupies space.
The vertical columns of the periodic table Groups.
Chemistry The Study of Characteristics, compositions and transformations that matter undergo. Chapters 1_4_3_2.
CHEMISTRY 103 Fall Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. 2.
Introduction Chapter 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Topic 1 Topic 1 Topic 1 Topic 1 Topic 1: Chemistry and Matter Table of Contents Basic Concepts Additional Concepts.
Chemistry: A Science for the 21st Century
Unit 1 – Matter and Measurement
Classification of Matter
Introduction   Chapter 1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.  Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chemistry Chemistry is a physical science.
Classifying Matter.
Anything that has MASS and takes up SPACE.
Biochemistry Biophysics
Classification of Matter
The Science of Matter.
Chapter 1 Chemistry: The Study of Matter
Chemistry in Our Lives Week 1.
Matter - Properties & Changes
These building blocks and everything made from them are called matter.
Matter and Change Chapter 1.
Chapter 1 Matter and Change.
The Particle Theory of Matter
MATTER.
1.2 and 1.3- Classification and Properties of Matter
Biochemistry Biophysics
Chapter 1 Table of Contents Section 1 Chemistry Is a Physical Science
Classification of Matter
Study of the composition of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
An Introduction to Chemistry Chapter 1
The Science of Matter Chapter 1
Chemistry Matter and Change.
Introduction to Chemistry
Energy and Matter College Chemistry.
Classifying Matter and
Classifying matter.
Introduction to Chemistry
Substances, Mixtures, Properties and Changes of Matter
Presentation transcript:

CHEMISTRY 103 Fall 2017

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news.

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. Energy sources

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. Energy sources Greenhouse effect

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. Energy sources Greenhouse effect Pollution

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. Energy sources Greenhouse effect Pollution Ozone problem

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. Energy sources Greenhouse effect Pollution Ozone problem Food additives

Why Study Chemistry? Think about current issues in the news. Energy sources Greenhouse effect Pollution Ozone problem Food additives Drugs

INTRODUCTION CHEMISTRY: A science that deals with the composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the changes they undergo. There are six major subdivisions of Chemistry:

Organic chemistry: Covers the compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons). All compounds derived from hydrocarbons.

Organic chemistry: Covers the compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons). All compounds derived from hydrocarbons. Inorganic chemistry: Covers all the elements, and all compounds, except the hydrocarbons and their derivatives.

Organic chemistry: Covers the compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons). All compounds derived from hydrocarbons. Inorganic chemistry: Covers all the elements, and all compounds, except the hydrocarbons and their derivatives. 3. Physical chemistry: Measurement of physical properties. Interpretation of physical and chemical properties.

Biochemistry: Study of pure substances and chemical reactions in living systems.

Biochemistry: Study of pure substances and chemical reactions in living systems. Analytical chemistry: Measurement of the amounts of substances. Measurement of chemical composition of materials. Separation of the components of mixtures.

Biochemistry: Study of pure substances and chemical reactions in living systems. Analytical chemistry: Measurement of the amounts of substances. Measurement of chemical composition of materials. Separation of the components of mixtures. 6. Theoretical chemistry: Mathematical description of chemical structures and of chemical changes.

Scientific Method

Scientific Method A series of steps used to solve scientific problems.

Scientific Method A series of steps used to solve scientific problems. Objective: Some problem to be solved, e.g. how oxygen gas binds to the hemoglobin molecule in our blood.

Collection of data: Once the goal is defined, the next step involves making careful observations and collecting bits of information about the system. The bits of information are called data. The word system here means that part of the universe that is under investigation.

The information obtained may be both qualitative or quantitative.

The information obtained may be both qualitative or quantitative The information obtained may be both qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative: general and non-mathematical. E.g. the object has a blue color.

The information obtained may be both qualitative or quantitative The information obtained may be both qualitative or quantitative. Qualitative: general and non-mathematical. E.g. the object has a blue color. Quantitative : numerical – related to measurements. E.g. the density is 2.1 g/ml.

Law: After a large amount of data has been collected, it is often desirable to summarize the information in a concise way. This summarizing statement is called a law.

Law: After a large amount of data has been collected, it is often desirable to summarize the information in a concise way. This summarizing statement is called a law. A law is a concise verbal or mathematical statement of a relation between phenomena that is always the same under the same conditions.

Hypothesis: Once enough information has been gathered, a tentative explanation for the observations can be formulated – this is the hypothesis.

Hypothesis: Once enough information has been gathered, a tentative explanation for the observations can be formulated – this is the hypothesis. Further experiments are devised to test the validity of the hypothesis in as many ways as possible.

The hypothesis provides tentative explanations that must be tested by many experiments. If the hypothesis survives such tests, the hypothesis develops into a theory.

The hypothesis provides tentative explanations that must be tested by many experiments. If the hypothesis survives such tests, the hypothesis develops into a theory. Theory: A theory is a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and those laws that are based on them. Theories are constantly being tested. If a theory is proved incorrect by experiment, then it must be discarded or modified, so that it becomes consistent with experimental observations.

Scientific progress is made by modifying old laws and theories or replacing them with new ones.

Summary – the sequence

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection Summarize data, generalization, formulation of law

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection Summarize data, generalization, formulation of law 4. Hypothesis (tentative explanation)

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection Summarize data, generalization, formulation of law 4. Hypothesis (tentative explanation) Test hypothesis

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection Summarize data, generalization, formulation of law 4. Hypothesis (tentative explanation) Test hypothesis Formulate theory

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection Summarize data, generalization, formulation of law 4. Hypothesis (tentative explanation) Test hypothesis Formulate theory 7. Further testing

Summary – the sequence 1. Objective Data collection Summarize data, generalization, formulation of law 4. Hypothesis (tentative explanation) Test hypothesis Formulate theory 7. Further testing 8. Rejection or modification of theory as required to account for new observations.

Some basic definitions Matter: Anything that occupies space and possesses mass is called matter.

Some basic definitions Matter: Anything that occupies space and possesses mass is called matter. Mass: The mass of a body is a measure of the quantity of matter contained in that body.

Some basic definitions Matter: Anything that occupies space and possesses mass is called matter. Mass: The mass of a body is a measure of the quantity of matter contained in that body. Weight: Refers to the force which gravity exerts upon an object. Unfortunately, chemists very frequently use the word “weight” when they mean mass.

Substance: A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. Examples: gold, water, oxygen.

Substance: A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. Examples: gold, water, oxygen. Mixture: A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their identities. Examples: air, a solution of table sugar (sucrose) in water.

Substance: A substance is a form of matter that has a definite composition and distinct properties. Examples: gold, water, oxygen. Mixture: A combination of two or more substances in which the substances retain their identities. Examples: air, a solution of table sugar (sucrose) in water. Note: Mixtures do not have constant composition; samples of air collected in Los Angles will have different composition from samples collected in Eau Claire.

There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous.

There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixture: The composition is the same throughout. Example: a small amount of sugar completely dissolved in water.

There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous There are two types of mixtures: homogeneous and heterogeneous. Homogeneous mixture: The composition is the same throughout. Example: a small amount of sugar completely dissolved in water. Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture in which the individual components remain physically separate and can be seen as separate components. Example: a mixture of sugar and sand.

Any mixture, be it homogeneous or heterogeneous, can be put together and then separated into pure components without any change in the identity of the components, by physical means.

For example: sugar can be removed from a homogeneous sugar solution by evaporating off the solvent water.

For example: sugar can be removed from a homogeneous sugar solution by evaporating off the solvent water. A sugar/sand mixture could be separated by dissolving the sugar in water, drying the sand, and reclaiming the sugar by evaporation of the solution.

For example: sugar can be removed from a homogeneous sugar solution by evaporating off the solvent water. A sugar/sand mixture could be separated by dissolving the sugar in water, drying the sand, and reclaiming the sugar by evaporation of the solution. In the physical separation process, there has been no change in the composition of each substance making up the mixture.

Physical property: Any property of a substance that can be observed without permanently* changing the substance to form some other substance. Examples: color, density, melting point. * Some exceptions to this. E.g. some compounds decompose at their melting point. A physical property can be specified without reference to any other substance.

Chemical property: Any property of a substance that cannot be studied without resulting in a permanent change of the substance to form some other substance.

Chemical property: Any property of a substance that cannot be studied without resulting in a permanent change of the substance to form some other substance. Example: sodium metal is very reactive with water.

Chemical property: Any property of a substance that cannot be studied without resulting in a permanent change of the substance to form some other substance. Example: sodium metal is very reactive with water. Reactivity is a chemical property that refers to the tendency of a substance to undergo a particular chemical reaction.

Element: An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.

Element: An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Compound: A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions.

Element: An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Compound: A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Atom: The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical nature of the element.

Element: An element is a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means. Compound: A pure substance composed of two or more elements chemically united in fixed proportions. Atom: The smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical nature of the element. Molecule: A structure consisting of two or more atoms that are chemically bound together and behave as an independent unit.

Energy: Is the capacity to do work or produce change.