Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science Fall 2011 Convection Currents Vanderbilt Student Volunteers for Science Fall 2011

Pre-Lab Divide Students into 8 groups Fill the Styrofoam cups 1/3rd of the way with dry ice. Assemble the chimney apparatuses DO NOT PASS OUT UNTIL: Colliding Warm Air and Cold Air Masses Have a group member write “Convection” on the board

I. Introduction Ask, What do you know about convection? Convection is the transfer of energy by a moving liquid or gas Heat moves by convection currents in liquids and gases Ex. Convection Oven, Hot Air Balloon

I. Introduction (Cont.) Ask, Who knows how a hot air balloon stays up? From www.eballoon.org: Hot air is propelled towards the balloon. As it rises, it stays trapped in the balloon and causes the hot air balloon to rise. The pilot must keep firing the burner at regular intervals to ensure that the balloon continues to be stable. The hot air will not escape from the hole at the very bottom of the envelope because the hot air rises.

I. Introduction (Cont.) But, How does a hot air balloon land? The ‘Parachute Valve’ at the very top of the balloon is what is used to bring the balloon down towards the ground. If the pilot wants to bring balloon down he simply pulls on the chord which will open the valve, letting hot air escape, decreasing the inner air temperature. This cooling off of air causes the balloon to slow its ascent.

II. Liquid Crystal Thermometers Before handing out strip thermometers: Ask, Have you ever seen anything that changes color with temperature? Answers may include: mood rings, strip thermometers Students used strip thermometers in 5th grade lesson last year Show the students the strip thermometer The Dark Blue temperature is room temperature Write on the board the room temperature Measurements will be compared to this number

II. Liquid Crystal Thermometers (Cont.) Hand out 1 strip thermometer per group Tell Students to hold the strip gently at the top edge of the strip DO NOT clasp in their hand! Tell students to record the temperature of their strip thermometers on their observation sheets As temperatures change, so do the colors of the temperatures Temperatures may not be the same, but are close and accurate enough to measure changes in temperatures

III. Convection Currents in Gases Draw a diagram of the chimney apparatus on the board One board member should write temperature changes and air flow patterns on the diagram as the experiments are conducted Hand out to each group 1 Chimney Apparatus 1 Thermometer Strip 1 Styrofoam cup containing Dry Ice *Tell students that dry ice is extremely cold

III. Convection Currents in Gases (Cont.) Give each group a cup of dry ice. Tell them not to touch the ice – it’s cold! Have the students tilt the cup sideways so that they can see “fog” flowing out of the cup. Explain that “Fog” = cold mixture of CO2 gas, water vapor, and air. The white color is from the condensed water vapor. Fog flows down toward the ground because it is colder and denser than the warm air surrounding it. Set dry ice aside while steps 4-11are completed.

III. Convection Currents in Gases (Cont.) 2 Distribute chimneys to the groups. Place the metal box on a surface away from combustibles Insert chimneys into metal box Tell students to take the temperature 2 inches above each chimney and to record this VSVS members should light candle and place under left hand chimney Slide glass window into place Tell students to record the new temperatures 2 inches above each chimney. Discuss any changes in temperature.

IV. Colliding Warm Air and Cold Air Masses Tell students to hold the dry ice cup 6 inches above the left (hot) chimney. What is the direction of the fog? Hold the cup 2 inches above the chimney. What happens now? Hold the dry ice cup over the right hand chimney and “pour” cold air out of it. What path does the fog take? What happens to the candle? Tell the students that warm air rises and cold air sinks.

V. Observing Convection Currents in Liquids Hand out to each group 1 jar of rheoscopic fluid, 1 heat pack, 1 plate, and 1 ice cube. Tell the students that fluids follow same pattern as gases: hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink. Gently shake the jar, then open it, insert the ice cube, and then close it tightly.

V. Observing Convection Currents in Liquids Observe the motion of the liquid Activate the heat pack and place the jar on top of the heat pack. Keep the jar as still as possible! Observe the motion of the liquid. Draw the motion on the board and have the students draw the motion on their observation sheets.

VI. Conclusion Review: Do convection currents in liquids follow the same pattern as convection currents in gases? Pack up – careful to pack chimneys so that glass doesn’t break