Public Administration Review Policing & Race March/April 2017 Symposium wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/par

About the Symposium Recent events have brought policing and race to the headlines. Perspectives and commentaries from: Laurie O. Robinson, President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing Charles H. Ramsey, President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing Jeff Pegues, CBS News Marc Morial, National Urban League Vince E. Davenport, Kansas City Police Department (ret.) Rocco DeBenedetto, New York City Police Department (20-year veteran) Elizabeth N. Fretwell, City Manager of Las Vegas Joseph Lombardo, Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department Jorge A. Villegas, Los Angeles Police Department

Beyond Profiling: The Institutional Sources of Racial Disparities in Policing Charles R. Epp Steven Maynard-Moody Donald Haider-Markel In investigatory vehicle stops, officers disproportionately stop African Americans and question and search them. Reforming this practice is an essential step toward restoring trust in the police. “…law enforcement agencies should require officers to record and report all stops they make.”

Forcible Stops: Police and Citizens Speak Out John A. Eterno Christine S. Barrow Eli B. Silverman Pressure on officers from headquarters was responsible for much of the illegal behavior by lower-level officers. Youth in minority neighborhoods felt mistreated by the police, leading to a sense of distrust in the police. Recommendations: Reduce management pressure on officers Develop community partnerships with police

Does Increasing Ethnic Representativeness Reduce Police Misconduct? Sounman Hong This article examines whether representative bureaucracy improves organizational integrity using evidence from English and Welsh police forces. An increase in the proportion of ethnic minority police officers is significantly associated with a decrease in police misconduct. Black citizens make fewer complaints against an ethnically representative police force. With increasing ethnic representativeness, local citizens tend to be less satisfied with the services that minority officers provide. Photo from: The Guardian - https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2015/oct/22/ police-chief-no-black-officers-open-positive-discrimination

Will More Black Cops Matter Will More Black Cops Matter? Officer Race and Police-Involved Homicides of Black Citizens Sean Nicholson-Crotty Jill Nicholson-Crotty Sergio Fernandez Photo from: The Washington Post https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2017/01/05/study-more-black-cops-wont-stop-police-killing-of-black-citizens/?utm_term=.79d3ba8329a9 Increasing the proportion of the police force that is black does not appear to be an effective strategy for reducing police- involved homicides of black citizens in most large cities.

Preventing the Use of Deadly Force: The Relationship between Police Agency Policies and Rates of Officer-Involved Gun Deaths Jay T. Jennings Meghan E. Rubado The authors examine whether certain policies are associated with lower or higher rates of officer-involved gun deaths. Requiring officers to file a report when they point but do not fire their guns is associated with significantly lower rates of gun deaths. Roughly half of the agencies studied required such reports in 2013. Photo from: Berkeley Police Department - http://www.ci.berkeley.ca.us/Police/Home/ Download_Police_Forms.aspx

Government Communication Effectiveness and Satisfaction with Police Performance: A Large-Scale Survey Study Alfred Tat-Kei Ho Wonhyuk Cho Effective government communication has a more consistent impact on residents’ perception of police effectiveness than changes in crime rates or neighborhood conditions. Better outcomes for city services do not necessarily lead to higher levels of citizen satisfaction with services. Photo from http://www.bluelineacrossamerica.com/2014/03/03/phoenix-police-detective-shot-and-killed-other-critical/ Effective public communication tools: Online engagement Government television channels

Toward an Analytical Framework for the Study of Race and Police Violence Mario A. Rivera James D. Ward “Policy interventions must stem from fundamental attitudinal as well as institutional changes in the building of a responsible community and of public dialogue and consensus, where fragmentation and conflict now prevail.” The authors suggest ways to develop grounded frameworks to allow for an integrative approach to analysis of policing and race.

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