The Work of Gregor Mendel 11-1 http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm

Transmission of characteristics from _______________________is called ___________________. The _________ that studies _____ those characteristics are _________ from one generation to the next is called ___________________ parents to offspring heredity how SCIENCE passed on Genetics

Gregor Mendel The __________________ is _________________, http://www.jic.bbsrc.ac.uk/germplas/pisum/zgs4f.htm The __________________ is _________________, a monk whose _________ of genetic traits was the beginning of our _________________ about _____________________. Father of Genetics Gregor Mendel study understanding how genes work

_______ part of flower makes ___________ (sperm) http://hus.yksd.com/distanceedcourses/YKSDbiology/lessons/FourthQuarter/Chapter11/11-1/images/MendelExperiment.gif Mendel designed ____________ using __________ in the monastery garden _______ part of flower makes ___________ (sperm) __________ part of flower makes _______ cells experiments Pea plants MALE Pollen FEMALE egg http://www.cedarville.edu/academics/education/resource/schools/chca/2scideb/debwebpv.htm

A _____________________ is called a ____________ Mendel ______________ in peas. specific characteristic trait studied 7 traits Pearson Education Inc,; Publishing as Pearson Prentice Hall

__________ must be able to _______ the other. pair of FACTORS control Mendel decided that there must be a __________________ that ________each trait and that __________ must be able to _______ the other. pair of FACTORS control one factor HIDE

We now know that Mendel’s ________________ carried on the pair of________________ _________________ factors are genes homologous chromosomes http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

trait are called ___________. ________ gene _______ for a trait are called ___________. DIFFERENT CHOICES ALLELES http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

DOMINANT HIDES RECESSIVE is hidden by __________________ = An allele that ________ the presence of another allele (Stronger) __________________ = An allele that __________________ the presence of another allele (Weaker) HIDES RECESSIVE is hidden by

Brown. The blue is hidden by the dominant Brown allele. Example If Brown eyes are dominant and blue eyes ressessive and I have the allele for both traits (brown from my mom and Blue from my dad), then what color will my eyes be? Brown. The blue is hidden by the dominant Brown allele.

WHAT DOES MEIOSIS HAVE TO DO WITH IT?

REMEMBER Half your traits _____________ ____________ Are made leaving only half Of your chromosomes = _________________ In Meiosis Haploid Cells (sex cells) Half your traits Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/Crossover.gif

O T T F F S S E __ What comes next?

It’s EASY if you know the PATTERN! (Just like Punnett Squares) 9 NINE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 O T T F F S S E __ I V E X EVEN IGHT N E W O H R E O U R

PROBABILITY & PUNNETT SQUARES 11-2

PROBABILITY ____________________ is the __________ that a particular _________________ likelihood event will occur It can be written as a: Fraction ____ Percent ____ Ratio ____ 1/4 25% 1:3

COIN FLIP 1/2 50% 1:1 There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/CoinFlip.jpg COIN FLIP There are 2 possible outcomes: HEADS TAILS The chance the coin will land on either one is: ____ ____ ____ Alleles segregate randomly just like a coin flip. . . So you can give the probability of passing on traits to offspring 1/2 50% 1:1

DOMINANT/RECESSIVE T t capital Dominant Recessive lower-case _____________ allele is represented by a ____________ letter. (The first letter of the trait) ____________ allele is represented by the SAME _________________ letter. EX: Tall = ______ Short =______ capital Recessive lower-case T t NOT S for short

HOMOZYGOUS HETEROZYGOUS When both alleles in the pair are the _______, the organism is _______________ or __________ EX: ____ or ___ When both alleles in the pair are _____________, the organism is _________________ or _____________ Ex: ____ SAME HOMOZYGOUS PURE TT tt DIFFERENT HETEROZYGOUS HYBRID Tt

PHENOTYPE/GENOTYPE The ________________ of an organism is its _____________EX: Tt, TT, or tt The ___________of an organism is its _____________ Ex: Tall or Short genetic makeup GENOTYPE Physical appearance PHENOTYPE

MAKING A CROSS= showing the possible genotypes of two parents offsprings A Punnett square for a CROSS looks like this:

PUNNETT SQUARES are used to show possible offspring from a cross between 2 parents _______________ go at top and on left side Boxes show ____________ ___________________ Parent alleles T T T t possible offspring genotypes

STEPS FOR MAKING CROSSES Figure out parent alleles Put in parent gametes Fill in offspring combinations probabilities phenotypes genotypes 1. ___________ what _________________ are 3. ______ possible_______________________ 4. ______ boxes with _____________________ 5. Determine ____________of_____________& ____________

T t TALL = ____ SHORT = ____ IN PEA PLANTS Tall is dominant over short LET’S MAKE A CROSS! PURE TALL PURE SHORT X

PURE TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T T _________ HOMOZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? T T

PURE SHORT parent What are the parent alleles? t t _________ HOMOZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? t t

T t T t T t T t T t ALL _____ of the offspring ____ % ___/4 will be 100 4 T t T t Tt TALL GENOTYPE _____ PHENOTYPE _______

HYBRID TALL parent What are the parent alleles? T t _________ HETEROZYGOUS   What gametes can it make? T t

T t T t T t T T T t t t GENOTYPES ¼ = _____ ½ = _____ TT Tt tt 3/4 75 TALL PHENOTYPES ____ or ____% _________ ____ or ____% _________ 1/4 25 SHORT

PRACTICE MAKING GAMETES for a CROSS Tall = ____ Round seeds = ___ Short = ____ Wrinkled seeds = ___ T t r

What are the possible gametes? Homozygous Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? T T   T T

What are the possible gametes? PURE wrinkled parent = What gametes can it produce? rr   r r

What are the possible gametes? Heterozygous Round parent = What gametes can it produce? R r   R r

What are the possible gametes? Hybrid Tall parent = What gametes can it produce? Tt   T t

Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11-3 http://www.eslkidstuff.com/images/tallshort.gif http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/genetics%20tutorial.htm

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought ENVIRONMENT influences ____________________________ the ________________________. = ________________________ Genes ________ the ______ for development, but how plan unfolds also _______ on ______________conditions. expression of genes “Nature vs Nurture” provide plan depends environmental

GENES are more complicated than Mendel thought Some traits have ____________ allele __________ = ____________________ EX: blood type Allele choices ___ ___ ___ choices MORE than 2 MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT A B O

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Some traits are determined by ____________________________ = __________________ EX: human height. intelligence, skin & eye color MORE THAN ONE GENE POLYGENIC TRAIT http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/life/images/grow.JPG

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought Traits determined by ____________ _________ have _____ “___________” phenotypes MORE than ONE gene many in-between There aren’t just SMART people and DUMB people…. there is a ________________ of intelligences in-between whole range http://www.newtonswindow.com/problem-solving.htm

GENES are more complicated than MENDEL thought KINDS OF DOMINANCE ____________________ COMPLETE DOMINANCE INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE CO-DOMINANCE

COMPLETE DOMINANCE Dominant masks recessive __________ allele _______ the ___________ one Dominant allele COMPLETELY blocks the recessive THIS IS WHAT WE HAVE ALREADY LEARNED AND WILL BE THE MOST IMPORTANT!!!!!!! http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE _____________ organisms with one dominant and one recessive allele show a _________ in-between trait THINK OF THIS LIKE MIXING PAINT, ESPECIALLY FLOWERS Heterozygous BLENDED Image modified from: http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookTOC.html

CO-DOMINANCE BOTH _______ traits are expressed at ___________ (_____________________) in heterozygote SAME TIME NO BLENDING A zebra is not gray. Instead it has an allele for white skin and an allele for black skin. THINK STRIPES OR SPOTS

CO-DOMINANCE Both traits are expressed together (NO BLENDING) in heterozygote Persons with an A allele AND a B allele have blood type AB

The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes BLOOD TYPES have more than 2 allele choices = _________________________ MULTIPLE ALLELE TRAIT The pattern of sugars that is attached is determined by genes Allele choices are: _____ ____ ____ A B O

BLOOD TYPES An A allele tells the cell to put “A” glycoproteins on its surface

BLOOD TYPES A B allele tells the cell to put a different “B” glycoprotein on its surface

BLOOD TYPES An O allele tells the cell NOT to put anything on the surface

A and B are CO-DOMINANT A cell with BOTH an A and a B allele has BOTH glycoproteins on its surface

PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) BLOOD TYPES & ALLELES GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE (BLOOD TYPE) AA AO BB BO OO AB A A B B O AB

A and AB see A as “like me” as Different! DONOR BLOOD A and AB see A as “like me” B and O see A as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

B and AB see B as “like me” as Different! DONOR BLOOD B and AB see B as “like me” A and O see B as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ DONOR BLOOD O ____ can donate to EVERY BLOOD TYPE = _____________________ Nothing on surface to recognize as “NOT SELF” UNIVERSAL DONOR YOU DON’T HAVE ANYTHING I DON’T HAVE! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

Only AB sees AB as “like me” DONOR BLOOD Only AB sees AB as “like me” A, B, and O see AB as Different! IMMUNE SYSTEM ATTACKS! Body images modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

AB can only GIVE to AB BUT . . . ______ can RECEIVE FROM EVERY BLOOD TYPE = ________________________ UNIVERSAL RECIPIENT Body image modified from: http://www.new-fitness.com/images/body_shapes.jpg

BLOOD TYPE FREQUENCY IN USA 40% B 10% AB 4% O 46% http://www.reachoutmichigan.org/funexperiments/agesubject/lessons/newton/BldTyping.html

Chromosomes that determine the sex of an organism = _________________ All other chromosomes = _________________ http://www.angelbabygifts.com/ Sex chromosomes autosomes Humans have two sex chromosomes and _____ autosomes X y 44

SEX DETERMINATION XX = female Xy = male

Who decides? X X Mom can give X X Dad can give X or y y X X X X X y SO ____ determines sex of the baby. If dad gives X with mom’s X = girl If dad give y with mom’s X = boy

COLORBLINDNESS Color vision Red-green CAUSE: Mutation in one of three genes for _______________ carried on X chromosome Persons with this disorder have trouble distinguishing colors. _________________ colorblindness is most common Seen in 1 in 10 males 1 in 100 females Color vision Red-green http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/peripherals/samsung-develops-lcd-for-colorblind-036306.php

Or Males ONLY HAVE ONE X They either have the They are disorder normal DEFECTIVE NORMAL They either have the disorder They are normal Or

Females __________ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder FEMALES HAVE TWO X CHROMOSOMES DEFECTIVE NORMAL DEFECTIVE Females have one normal gene that works. Females __________ defective recessive alleles to show the disorder need 2

The X chromosome in males . . . flies WITHOUT a copilot! . . . there’s NO BACK UP X to help them!

CARRIER A heterozygous person who carries a recessive allele for a genetic disorder, but ________ show the trait themselves is called a _____________ doesn’t CARRIER http://www.biochem.arizona.edu/classes/bioc460/spring/rlm/RLM36.1.html