History of Film By: Larisa Ashton

Celluloid A transparent and pliable film that could hold a small layer of chemicals that are sensitive to light Invented by Hannibal Goodwin This allowed a strip of film to move through a camera in rapid succession creating a series of pictures George Eastman bought Goodwin’s patent, fixed it, and manufactured the first film for motion pictures

Kinetograph An early movie camera Made by Edison’s assistant William Kennedy Dickson He also made the kinetoscope (a veiwing system)

Arrival of Nickelodeons Nickelodeons are actually just movie theaters This term combines the admission price and the Greek word for “theater” According to media historian Douglas Gomery these makeshift theaters were made in pawn shops, cigar stores and restaurants

Movie Palaces A really nice place to view movies These were made in order to draw in the middle and upper class

Film techniques The first cameras were fastened to their tripod and thus the shots were all still and didn’t move For moving shots the camera would be put on a vehicle and that way the camera could be moved In 1897 Robert W. Paul had the first real rotating camera

Film Techniques Robert W. Paul’s device had the camera mounted on a vertical axis that could be moved by use of a worm gear that was controlled by a crank

reverse motion and the quality of self-motivating images This was done by repeating the action a second time while filming it with an inverted camera And then joining the tail of the second negative to the first

Real Film Continuity Showing action moving from one shot to another joined into it Like showing an old couple going into a museum then cutting to what they do inside the museum

Multi-reel Films It was around 1910 that screen actors first started getting credit in the film The appearance of films with more than one reel helped with this creation More multi-reel films were made in Europe then America after 1906 This was because the MPPC insisted that we do only single reel productions up until 1912

Before this some MPPC members got around this by releasing short single-reel films of a continues story within weeks of each other

Point of View Shots Previously this was only done by giving the impression that someone was looking through a telescope A shot of people looking at something then cutting to looking at the something from their vantage wasn’t made till 1910

Reverse Angle Shots Continuing a scene with a cut taken of the action from the opposite side This was more commonly known as a “reverse scene”

Film Studios The big change in the U.S. was to use a “dark” studio The existing glass-roofed studio’s were blacked out And the new studios being built around L.A. were made with solid walls

Resources http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_film Media & culture an introduction to mass communication 5 By: Richard Campbell, Christopher R. Martin, Bettina Fabo http://filmfundingsources.com/ http://visualparadox.com/wallpapers/celluloid800.htm

http://www.victorian-cinema.net/machines.htm http://franklinavenue.blogspot.com/2008/03/la-conservancy-unveils-this-years-last.html http://www.galaweddingfilms.com/gala/Visual-Artists.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nickelodeon_(movie_theater) http://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-photography-retro-camera-attached-to-tripod-image571887

http://camera-guides.blogspot.com/2011_08_01_archive.html http://www.colourbox.com/image/two-negative-films-on-white-image-2643018