THE CRUSADES Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont of 1095, given a late Gothic setting in this illumination from the Livre des Passages d'Outre-mer, of c 1490 (Bibliothèque nationale de Fr

REASONS FOR THE CRUSADES Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont of 1095 ordered the Christians to liberate the Holy Lands The Muslims tried to convert Christians and Jews to Islam. Those people who refused to become Muslim had to pay a tax called « jizya ». The Muslims allowed Christian pilgrims to visit the Holy Lands, N.B. Jerusalem was the most holy city for the Christians.

Vocabulary page 86 To mistreat =to treat badly Tolerant (adj) = to accept people's differences To allow = to authorize or give permission To interfere = to block or to trouble To worship = to venerate a God The Holy Lands : the places in the Middle East that are important to : Christians, Muslims and Jews

AFTER AD 750 ABBASIDS RULED THE MUSLIM WORLD They lose control of their empire Turks from central Asia come with large armies They take over Egypt, Syria and Persia. These Turks were also Muslims.

Map of the Crusades

Well-armed crusaders

Saladin and Guy de Lusignan after Battle of Hattin in 1187

The Crusader movement “stretched” over 200 years. The First Crusade was called in 1095 by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, to redirect the energies of warring barons from warring against each other to reclaiming the Holy Land (the Peace of God movement and Deus le volt! – God wills it!). The First Crusade captured Jerusalem in July 1099 and established the Crusader states. The Second Crusade ended in disaster and was crushed outside the walls of Damascus. (this crusade was initiated by a Cistercian monk, Bernard of Clairvaux) The Third Crusade fought against an Arab empire led by Saladin (who had recaptured Jerusalem in 1187). Although the largest military endeavor of the Middle Ages, the Third Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalem. The Fourth Crusade captured and sacked Constantinople in 1204, and the Fifth Crusade resulted in Frederick negotiating for temporary occupation of Jerusalem. All others failed as well. The Mamluk capture of Acre in 1291 brought the end of Outremer (lands “across the sea”).