Many Ethnic Groups in the Middle East

Germans 24% * Croats 5% Magyars (Hungarians) 20% *Serbs 4% *Czechs 13% *Slovaks 4% *Poles 10% *Slovenes 3% *Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8% Italians 3%.

Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary Germans 24% * Croats 5% Magyars (Hungarians) 20% *Serbs 4% *Czechs 13% *Slovaks 4% *Poles 10% *Slovenes 3% *Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8% Italians 3%.

Ch 10.3 The Austrian Empire The Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region from 1400-1800. Ferdinand I and Metternich tried to keep revolution from Austria Metternich accused universities of “creating revolutionaries” Resistance to Change Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy Censorship of media (newspaper) Secret police force to spy on citizens End revolution ideas Carlsbad Decrees 1819

3. Maintain absolute power Resistance to Change Congress of Troppau, 1820 Austria, Russia and Prussia form alliance 2. Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution 3. Maintain absolute power

Turmoil in Europe, Austria Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austria Different ethnic groups wanted independence Revolution of 1848 Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna King Ferdinand fired Metternich, gave throne to nephew Franz Josef I Provide reforms like Freedom of speech/press, new constitutions, Parliament elections

Ethnic Groups of Austria-Hungary Germans 24% * Croats 5% Magyars (Hungarians) 20% *Serbs 4% *Czechs 13% *Slovaks 4% *Poles 10% *Slovenes 3% *Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8% Italians 3%.

Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire for 20 yrs Resistance to Change Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire for 20 yrs 1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms Freedom of speech/press, new constitutions, Parliament elections Stopped revolution temporarily

Forming a New Government The Dual Monarchy Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy. As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859 1866, loss to Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians Forming a New Government Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary Each had own parliament Shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs Compromise of 1867

Positives of Dual Monarchy Negatives of Dual Monarchy An Uneven Solution Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918 Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products Positives of Dual Monarchy Divisions remained among various ethnic groups No common language Ethnic minorities received little benefits Negatives of Dual Monarchy

Germans 24% * Croats 5% Magyars (Hungarians) 20% *Serbs 4% *Czechs 13% *Slovaks 4% *Poles 10% *Slovenes 3% *Ruthenians (Ukranians) 8% Italians 3%.

The Ottoman Empire Empire in Decline The Eastern Question Ottoman Empire existed from 1299-1922 Within borders many different religious and ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews, Christians, Muslims Early 1800s, could not defend against independence movement, external threats Lost Greece and other territories in revolutions Empire in Decline Situation created “Eastern Question”—What would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed? Russia, France, Great Britain want control of Ottoman Lands The Eastern Question

Holy Land and Russian Invasion The Crimean War 1853-56 Holy Land and Russian Invasion Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Holy Lands Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights Russians invaded Ottoman territories Great Britain, France Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest GB, France join O.E. to fight against Russia Results  None Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives during war

Representative Government Political Reform 1908, Young Turks wanted independence from Ottoman Empire and representative govt Conflict Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties Representative Government

The Balkan Wars 1912-13 Route to Mediterranean Congress of Berlin 1878 Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence Route to Mediterranean Russians wanted to gain Balkans as route to Mediterranean Great Britain, France sometimes sided with Russia, or sided with Ottomans Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe

Chapter 10.3 Nationalism Assignment What would the United States look like if we were divided into several smaller countries?

Nationalism Using ONLY the Nationalist elements of Culture, History, and Territory Divide the United States into 7-8 regions based on shared *DO NOT DIVIDE MAP SIMPLY BASED ON WEATHER PATTERNS AND/OR TEMPERATURE!!

For each region you make: Divide the map into regions and color each region. Name the region. Have fun, but be school appropriate. In a paragraph (3-4 sentences), justify why you created each region based on the Nationalist ideas. ONE PARAGRAPH OF EXPLANATION PER REGION!

Size Comparisons Land area Austria-Hungary Empire 261,243 square miles Population Austria-Hungary 52.8 million Land area U.S.A. 3,805,927 square miles Population of U.S.A. 300 million Land area of California 155,959 Population of California 38.8 million Land area of Texas 261,797 Population of Texas 27 million Population of Austria 8 million Population of Ohio 14 million