Drainage Projects in Punjab

HISTORY OF DRAINAGE PROBLEMS IN PAKISTAN Pakistan has a large irrigated agriculture area totaling 13.6 million hectares (34.5 million acres). The agriculture in Pakistan was based on rainfall only to the mid of nineteenth century. Irrigation canals were introduced successively to increase the crop production. The drainage problems were non existent in the country in the early periods of irrigated agriculture.

Cont.……. Due to continued recharge from the irrigation system the problems of waterlogging and surface flooding started appearing. In early 1960's, about 100,000 acres of culturable land was lost every year to waterlogging and salinity in the country.

DRAINAGE PROJECTS IN PAKISTAN Several drainage projects were implemented as early as in 1960 to overcome the drainage problems in the country. Water And Power Development Authority (WAPDA) has already completed some 54 projects covering an area of 6.39 M. ha. and include 25,864 drainage cum irrigation tubewells, 11,420 km of surface drains.

Cont.…… These projects were spread over all regions of Pakistan and include; 20 projects in Punjab 15 projects in Sindh 6 projects in K.P.K 2 projects in Baluchistan One project in Azad Jammu and Kashmir.

Cont.….. Projects implemented in 1960's and 1970's were named as Salinity Control And Reclamation Projects (SCARP). Projects were usually financed by international financing agencies. At present the project approach has been reorganized to a program approach. Many more projects are under implementation and operation under the National Drainage Program (NDP).

SALIENT FEATURES These projects were/are targeted not only to maintain the water balance but also the salt balance of the area as huge amounts of salts are brought into these areas by the irrigation canal supplies. These projects included construction of; 12,800 irrigation-cum-drainage tubewells 1800 drainage tubewells over 9000 km of surface drains 1000 km of horizontal pipe drains

Cont.…… At present 14 different projects are under completion involving; 3000 drainage tubewells 4400 km of surface drains 9900 km of sub-surface pipe drains The various drainage projects had resulted in reclamation of some 8 million acres in the country.

DRAINAGE PROJECTS IN PUNJAB SCARP-I First drainage project in Punjab. The project area covers central part of the Rechna Doab (area between Ravi and Chenab Rivers) in Sheikhupura, Gujranwala and Faisalabad Districts. The project was initiated in 1959 and completed in 1962-3. It covers a gross area of 12,20,000 acres and CCA as 11,40,000 acres. Irrigation cum drainage tubewells (1796 in number) ranging in 2 to 5 cusecs were installed including 248 tubewells of Rasul scheme earlier installed by Irrigation department.

Cont.………. The project was implemented by WAPDA and was handed over to Irrigation department after initial operation for two years. Some additional tubewells were also installed by PID after it took over the project bringing the total number of tubewells as 2069 with installed capacity of 6036 cusecs. The project was divided into 12 schemes The ground water quality of the area was sweat and thus the tubewell effluent was discharged into watercourses and/or irrigation canals for supplementing the irrigation supplies. The tubewells had been transitioned (1994-2001) and handed over to farmers' communities.

Cont.………. SCARP-II Covers central and lower parts of the Chaj Doab (area between Chenab and Jhelum Rivers) in Sarghoda and Gujrat Districts. The project include 2.1 MA irrigated by Upper Jhelum and Lower Jhelum canals and 69000 acres of barani area. The area was divided into fresh zone and saline zones and different schemes were implemented over a period of years. The project consists of 3311 tubewells with installed capacity of 9220 cusecs and 450 miles of surface drains. Project was started in 1961 and completed in 1979.

Cont.………. The SCARP tubewells in SCARP-2 have almost been completely transitioned to the farmers's communities. The area has average annual rainfall as 457 mm and ET as 1705 mm (1128 mm in Kharif and 577 mm in Rabi). The water table depth in the area (1997) is as under.

Cont.………. SCARP-III The project is located in Lower Thal Doab (area between Indus and Jhelum/Chenab Rivers) Comprise of commands of Rangpur Canal and Muzaffargarh Canal systems and 20,000 acres of uncommanded area located north of barrage. The areas was divided into fresh and saline components. Irrigation-cum-drainage tubewells were installed and effluent used for supplementing irrigation with or without mixing with sweat canal water.

Cont.………. Irrigation-cum-drainage tubewells were installed and effluent used for supplementing irrigation with or without mixing with sweat canal water. The project was started in 1969 and completed in 1981. The tubewells are being transitioned (2000) and handed over to farmers' communities for further operation.

Cont.………. SCARP-IV The project covers the upper part of the Rechna Doab in the commands of Upper Chenab, Marala-Ravi Link and BRBD canals in Sheikhupura and Gujranwala districts. Only two units of the project (Muridke unit, and Mangtanwala unit) were implemented with GA = 1.33 Ma and CCA = 0.72 Ma. The project comprise 1942 tubewells. Project was started in 1969 and completed in 1973. This project is being transitioned (2000) and handed over to farmers' for further operation.

Located in lower part of the Rechna Doab below Scarp-1. Cont.………. SCARP-V Located in lower part of the Rechna Doab below Scarp-1. The area is served by Lower Chenab Canal system and Haveli canals. The SCARP-5 is now made up of various component sub-projects.

Cont.………. Fourth Drainage Project (Drainage-IV) The Fourth Drainage Project lies in lower part of Rechna Doab covering part of District Faisalabad. The area is served by Jhang Br, Gugera Br, and Rakh Br canals of Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) system. The CCA is 55,000 ha. Drainage tubewells were initially proposed for the area. Later after the project financing by World Bank, the scope and methodology was reassessed and then pipe drainage was selected in preference of tubewell on cost basis.

Cont.………. Unstable soils are common in the area. Modified Donan equation was used to design pipe spacing. The depth of pipe was taken as 1.9 to 2.4 m with spacing as 90 to 610 m (300 ft to 2000 ft). The total length of laterals is as 990 km and collector as 370 km. The performance of the project at the time of transfer to Irrigation and Power Dept. in Dec 94 is as under (Ref. LRR FDP-I Performance Report).

Cont.………. 2. Fourth Drainage Project, Phase-II The second phase of the Fourth Drainage Project has been planned to be executed over an area of 29,000 acres from gross area of 75,000 acres in Pharang Unit. This area is contiguous to the present project area. The works include 79 sumps, 168 pumps and 540 miles of pipe drains. The project is proposed to be implemented under NDP financing.

Do you know? Drains crossing M3 (From Faisalabad to Pindi Bhatian) Paharng Nala Gojra Nala Marh Chiniot (M.C) Drain

Cont.………. SCARP-VI The project is located in the districts of Bahawalpur and Rahim Yar Khan on the left bank of Chenab and Indus Rives. The area is commanded by Panjnad and Abbasia canals with GCA = 1.68 Ma and CCA = 1.469 Ma. The tubewells were installed in the area (1782 numbers in sweat water areas) for supplementing irrigation supplies. In addition 304 large capacity tubewells in saline water areas with capacity 0.9 MAF were installed along surface drains for drainage purposes.

Cont.………. The effluent of drainage tubewells is disposed off into a specially designated area as evaporation ponds located at the edge of project area and Cholistan sand dunes/desert. The evaporation ponds have created an environmental disaster for the area itself. This has resulted in waterlogging of area north of the evaporation ponds which was without any such problem before the project. .

Commanded by Central Bari Doab Canals and the Depalpur canals Cont.………. SCARP-VII This covers the parts of Central Bari Doab (area between Beas and Ravi rivers) Commanded by Central Bari Doab Canals and the Depalpur canals The project was started in 1982 and completed in 1985.

Cont.………. SCARP-VIII Bahawalnagar The sub-projects include Minchinabad pilot project, Fordwah Sadiqia (North), Fordwah Eastern Sadiqia South (FESS) projects. The FESS project consist of works related to surface drainage and reduction of drainable surplus and phase for the drainage of surplus ground water, if any. The phase-1 of the FESS project had been completed The phase-2 will be implemented after thorough evaluation of the results of phase-1.

THANK YOU