The Ferment of Reform and Culture (1790-1860) Chapter 15
A. Reviving Religion Puritanical ideas dying in early 1800s T. Paine’s Age of Reason & Deism New denominations Unitarians Loving, one-person God
2nd Great Awakening Reaction against growing liberalism in religion
Evangelical protestants & the 2nd Great Awakening Camp meetings & revivals Charles Grandison Finney Female movement- led to other movements Baptists and Methodists
B. Denominational Diversity Burned-Over District- Western NY Hellfire and damnation Millerites – date of Christ’s return? Differences in classes & regions Denominations split over slavery
C. A Desert Zion in Utah 1830- Joseph Smith & the golden tablets Mormons hated by many Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Illinois
1844- Smith killed Brigham Young- 1846-1847- Utah
D. Free Schools for a Free People Many against free public educ. Argument for Universal manhood suffrage Early schools & teachers Early opponents of public education, why the change?
Horace Mann – “father of the American common school” Noah Webster – the dictionary guy William McGuffey – school reader
E. Higher Goals for Higher Learning State-supported universities UNC-1795 UVA- 1819 Women’s higher education Travelling lecture series (lyceums) Magazines
F. An Age of Reform Old Puritan vision Women mainly involved (suffrage) Debtor’s prison Criminal codes- prisons Aubrun reform Peace Movement
Dorothea Dix
G. Demon Rum- The Old Deluder Threatened safety of women & children American Temperance Society- 1826 Moderate reform vs. prohibition Realistic effects
H. Women in Revolt Women considered “perpetual minors” Different gender roles Cult of domesticity- glorified her role
Seneca Falls Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony Sarah and Angelina Grimke Women’s Rights Convention (1848) Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments abolition
I. Wilderness Utopias Cooperative/communistic societies Robert Owen- New Harmony, IN (1825) – British socialist Brook Farm, MA- 1841 – first secular New York’s Oneida Community- 1848 John Humphrey Noyes – silverware “complex marriage”; “perfection”
Shakers- Mother Ann Lee (1770s) Amana Colonies - Pietism Fourier’s Phalanxes
K. Artistic Achievments Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello & UVA Artists went to England Hudson River School of Art Daguerreotype- 1839 Music
L. The Blossoming of a National Literature Knickerbocker Group Washington Irving James Fenimore Cooper- Last of the Mohicans William Cullen Bryant- poet
M. Transcendentalism Truth comes from an “inner light” Individualism & self-reliance Simplistic beauty of nature Ralph Waldo Emerson- poet & essay writer Henry David Thoreau- Walden, Civil Disobedience Walt Whitman- Leaves of Grass
O. Literary Individualists & Dissenters Edgar Allen Poe- The Raven, The Gold Bug, The Fall of the House of Usher Nathaniel Hawthorne- The Scarlet Letter Herman Melville- Moby Dick
P. Portrayers of the Past Early American Historians George Bancroft William H. Prescott Francis Parkman “northern” histories
Other Reforms Sylvester Graham – whole wheat bread for good digestion – Graham Cracker Curb lustful desires via diet Amelia Bloomer
What motivated reformers? Tyler (1944) – idealistic humanitarians Recent years – desire of upper and middle class citizens to control the masses Public schools “Americanize” immigrants Penitentiaries control crime Control drinking of recent immigrants More Whigs than Jacksonian Democrats Dix – reforms would save public money in long run Most successful reforms had broad support -for a mix of reasons