10th World Studies 5.18.17 Today’s Agenda: Conferences Turn in: Nothing Take out : Planner/Calendar Note-taking device Today’s Learning Objectives: I can describe the events of a battle or operation of WWII and its impact on Europe. Today’s Agenda: Conferences There’s just so many… Let’s revisit Yalta HW: ***CRA Conference Readings—Yalta*** You will need this to be prepared for tomorrow…

Tehran November 28, 1943 U.S., Britain, and USSR

Tehran November 28, 1943 U.S., Britain, Russia First time the Big Three met together Discussed military strategy Open Second Front--D Day invasion Simultaneous Third Front--Russian counter-attack (pincer movement) Russian commitment to attack Japan after German defeat Inconclusive regarding postwar Germany

By 1944, the Allies decided to open a Western Front by invading Nazi-occupied France Operation Overlord (called D-Day) in June 1944 was the largest land & sea attack in history

Bretton Woods Conference July 1, 1944 44 Nations

Bretton Woods Economic Conference July 1, 1944 44 Nations International monetary fund Fixed exchange rate based on gold International bank for reconstruction and development

Yalta February 4, 1945 U.S., Britain, Russia

Stalin agreed to send troops to help the U.S. invade Japan In February 1945, the “Big Three” met at the Yalta Conference to create a plan for Europe after the war was over Stalin agreed to send troops to help the U.S. invade Japan They agreed to allow self-determination (free elections) in nations freed from Nazi rule They agreed to occupy Germany after the war They agreed to create & join a United Nations

Yalta February 4, 1945 U.S., Britain, Russia Soviet Concessions Allow free elections in Poland Commitment to support war in Asia within 3 months of German surrender Soviet Compensation Russia allowed to determine Polish boundaries Receive territory in Manchuria, Sakhalin Islands, Chinese ports Proposed formation of United Nations Established war crimes trials Proposed division of Germany into four cooperative zones

Accomplished European stability. Division of Germany. Prosecution of criminals Poland. UN. USSR to help USA in war against Japan.

…and allowed the Allies to push towards Germany from the West At the same time, the Soviet army pushed from the East The Normandy invasion was deadly, but the Allied victory created a Western Front… Forced to fight a two-front war, Hitler ordered a massive counter-attack at the Battle of the Bulge..but lost By March 1945, the Allies were fighting in Germany & pushing towards Berlin

The bomb was constructed in a secret city in Oak Ridge, TN In July 1945, the bomb was successfully tested at Los Alamos, New Mexico during Project Trinity The bomb was constructed in a secret city in Oak Ridge, TN Physicist Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago developed the nuclear reaction Nuclear plant in Hanford, WA developed the plutonium In April 1945, FDR died & his VP Harry Truman had to decide how to end the war in the Pacific

In 1945, Mussolini was captured & executed by the Italian resistance American & British troops invaded Italy, took Sicily in 1943, seized Rome in 1944 The Allies defeated Germany at the Battle of El Alamein in 1942 & then pushed the Axis Powers out of Africa When the USA entered WWII, Stalin wanted the Allies to open a Western Front & divide German army Instead, Britain & USA agreed to fight the Axis Powers in North Africa (Stalin was angry ) In 1945, Mussolini was captured & executed by the Italian resistance

In April 1945, the Soviet army captured Berlin On April 30, 1945, Hitler committed suicide On May 9, 1945, the German government signed an unconditional surrender to the Allies The world celebrated V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

As the Allies pushed into Germany & Poland, troops discovered & liberated concentration & death camps

Potsdam July 17, 1945 U.S., Britain, USSR

CRIMEA CONFERENCE, UKRAINE February 1945 Yalta Conference CRIMEA CONFERENCE, UKRAINE February 1945

Yalta Conference 6 Topics Discussed: Want unconditional surrender of Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) League of Nations was ineffective—US, England, Russia, France, China should form United Nations (international organization to keep peace after war)

Yalta Conference Topics Discussed: 3. Russia would declare war on Japan (& help USA invade Japan) after Germany surrendered 4. Divide Austria, Germany & capital Berlin into 4 occupied zones (controlled US, England, France, & USSR)

Yalta Conference Topics Discussed: 5. Roosevelt & Churchill afraid Stalin would make Eastern Europe communist after war; wanted Self Determination (right to choose democracy or communist) for Eastern European Countries: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, & Bulgaria

Yalta Conference 6. Stalin agreed to self-determination if could have part of Poland; Poland—should have free elections

AGREEMENT AT YALTA DIVIDE GERMANY INTO FOUR (4) ZONES TO BE OCCUPIED AFTER THE WAR BY: BRITAIN FRANCE USA USSR

WHAT ELSE DID WE AGREE TO? ELECTIONS WILL BE HELD IN THE COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE GOVERNMENT OF POLAND WILL BE BOTH COMMUNIST & NON-COMMUNIST SET UP THE UNITED NATIONS!!!!!

WHAT REALLY HAPPENED? STALIN NEVER HELD FREE ELECTIONS IN POLAND FDR DIED ONLY TWO (2) MONTHS LATER TRUMAN (NEXT PRESIDENT) WOULD ATTEND THE NEXT POST-WAR CONFERENCE HITLER DIES APRIL 30 GERMANY SURRENDERS MAY 2, 1945

“The SOVIET UNION HAS BEOME A DANGER TO THE FREE WORLD.” Churchill wrote this to Roosevelt after the Yalta Conference. The leaders of the three countries would meet one more time: Potsdam

Potsdam July 17, 1945 U.S., USSR, Britain First conference to include Truman Decided that Japan must surrender unconditionally or risk total destruction Truman alludes to the atomic bomb Established cooperative council to administer Germany Promoted safe transfer and return of war refugees Soviet declaration that there will be no free elections The West considers this an act of betrayal Beginning of the Cold War???

In July 1945, the Big Three met at the Potsdam Conference to discuss the end of WWII Truman learned the atomic bomb was ready & issued the Potsdam Declaration to Japan: “surrender or face destruction”

After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender When Japan refused to surrender, Truman ordered the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 After 3 days, Japan did not surrender so a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki After the second atomic bomb, Emperor Hirohito agreed to a surrender

World War II was over

NATO April 4, 1949 12 Countries North Atlantic Treaty Organization Considered the “Sword and Shield” of the United Nations Intended as the military means by which to safeguard freedom, democracy, the rule of law, and individual human rights--under the control of the American military United pro-Western countries to provide regional stability against the spread of Communism

Established as a counterbalance for NATO The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance Warsaw Pact May 12, 1955 8 communist nations Established as a counterbalance for NATO Unified Eastern European countries under Soviet leadership Ensured integration of military, economic, and cultural policies Furthered the Communist ideals

Potsdam Conference Please go to my website and open the Potsdam reading… Take critical reading notes. SUGGESTION: READ FIRST! Then go to the questions & back to the reading if needed… Use the template to answer the remaining questions

Potsdam Conference