SSWH20 The student will examine change and continuity in the world since the 1960s.

PAN-AFRICANISM: Rise in nationalism in African nations after World War I Emphasized the unity of Africans and people of African descent worldwide Lead by Marcus Garvey; wanted an “Africa for Africans” Demanded an end to colonial rule & opposed imperialism in Africa Began African resistance to retake lands previously taken by Europeans

PAN-ARABISM OIL Began after World War I when it was discovered that oil was the fuel of the future Nationalist movement built on shared heritage of Arabs who lived from the Arabian Peninsula to North Africa Emphasized common history & language Wanted to free Arabs from foreign domination & unite them in their own state

BOSNIA-HERZEGOVENIA CONFLICT: 1992: Bosnia declared independence from Yugoslavia Civil war fought between Bosniaks, Serbs, & Croats Bosnian Serbs wanted to set up their own government; received money from Serbia President (Slobodan Milosevic) Largest ethnic group in Bosnia: Muslim Bosniaks; did not want country divided into ethnic regions During civil war all groups committed atrocities Bosnian Serbs conducted a campaign of ethnic cleansing; thousands of Croats & Bosniaks were killed Croats launch an ethnic cleansing campaign to eliminate all Bosnian Serbs 1995: Dayton Accords, initiated by NATO, brings fragile peace

RWANDAN CONFLICT: Power struggle that existed between 2 ethnic groups (Hutus & Tutsis) that developed after Rwanda gained independence Hutus (majority) Tutsis (had dominated Rwanda) Both spoke same language, but had different traditions

RWANDAN CONFLICT: 1994: presidents of Rwanda suspiciously killed in a plane crash Extreme Hutus told civilians to blame Tutsis 800,000 Tutsis & moderate Hutus were slaughtered (genocide) World community slow to react

REASONS FOR DECLINE OF USSR: Arms race Not very modernized Economy unstable War in Afghanistan (1979) Reforms (Khrushchev & Gorbachev) High unemployment After 69 years, Soviet Union collapsed (1991)

CHANGES IN EASTERN EUROPE: Soviet Union had maintained control in Eastern Europe since 1945 (end of WWII) With glasnot & perestroika, Eastern European countries began to speak out against Soviet Union 1991: The Soviet republics separated to form 12 independent nations

END OF SOVIET UNION: Countries began to become independent after the Soviet Union collapsed & broke up 1. Russia (largest: most population & territory) 2. Kazakhstan 3. Ukraine 4.The Baltic States

KAZAKSTAN: Last Soviet republic to gain its independence Under Soviet control, population declined 22% due to hunger/starvation & emigration Stalin ordered poets, thinkers, & writers to all be slaughtered Stalin repressed Kazakh identity & culture Presently has moved away from Communist economy to market economy

UKRAINE: Ukrainian government suppressed by Soviet Union Mass genocide of Ukrainians Is currently a market economy Has the second largest military in Eastern Europe (after Russia)

THE BALTIC STATES: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g6arFbKZ60 Those countries east of the Baltic Sea 1. Estonia 2. Latvia 3. Lithuania Repressions, executions, and mass deportations Set up precedent for other Soviet republics to gain independence http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0g6arFbKZ60

TERRORISM: The use of violence by groups of extremists to achieve political goals Terrorists have bombed buildings, murdered civilians/police/soldiers, and assassinated political leaders Positive: has led to greater international cooperation between governments in an effort to prevent further attacks

TERRORISM: After Cold War ended, the weapons that were built still existed Keeping nuclear, chemical, biological weapons away from dangerous groups has become an important issue *nuclear: atomic bomb *chemical: mustard gas *biological: germs released into air/water

TERRORIST GROUPS: SHINING PATH: RED BRIGRADE: -located in Peru -used kidnappings, murder, & bombings to overthrow the nationalist government -finance operations with the sale of illegal drugs communist group located in Italy -used violence in an attempt to gain power

TERRORIST GROUPS: HAMAS: -located in Palestine -practice terror to achieve goal of creating an independent Palestinian state -found support in areas of poverty in Palestinian refugee camps -trained suicide bombers to attack Israeli targets

TERRORIST GROUPS: Al Qaeda (“the Base”): -Islamic terrorist organization -founder: Osama bin Laden (wealthy Saudi businessman) -1990’s: mobilized al Qaeda to expel US interests and military power in Saudi Arabia -global network that trains & finances terrorist activities -Sept. 11, 2001: al Qaeda hijacked 4 planes in the US (members were from Saudi Arabia; more than 2,500 Americans killed

IMPACT OF TERRORISM ON THE WORLD: Governments began to question if they could keep their citizens safe Travelling from country to country becomes stricter, with airports increasing its security

WOMEN: For centuries, women have been treated differently than men, especially in positions of power A global movement for women that focused the attention on the needs of women worldwide began to take place The UN supported “equal rights for men & women” 1950: women had won the right to vote in most European countries as well as Japan, China, Brazil, and other countries

WOMEN: Women began being voted into office and headed governments in Britain, Israel, India, Pakistan, & the Philippines Women often times still receive less pay for the same job that a man does and must balance a career on top of child-rearing and housework Men are still provided better opportunities (ex: jobs, pay, education)

GOLDA MEIR: Israel’s first woman Prime Minister World’s third woman to hold such an office Promoted her ideas of peace in the Middle East Helped initiate peace talks between Israel and Palestine; ended because of an Arab attack in 1973. Prime Minister during the 1972 Munich Olympic massacres

INDIRA GHANDI: Prime Minister of India (1966-1984); only woman to hold this office Voted greatest Prime Minister in a poll Challenged traditions against women in her country (equal pay) Assassinated Oct. 1984 by her two bodyguards

MARGARET THATCHER: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1979-1990) Died April 08, 2013 Known as the “Iron Lady”—uncompromising politics & leadership style One of the most influential figures in modern history http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IYQhRCs9IHM http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t20WIDQcbXE

Write 2 paragraphs about a woman in your lifetime, famous or not, that has been influential. Choose someone that is a good role model and who has strong characteristics that make her special.