Sexual versus Asexual Reproduction Type of Reproduction Methods Advantages Disadvantages Sexual (Sperm meet Egg) 2 parents Internal fertilization Diversity in offspring Offspring less likely to have mutations show up Requires a mate to reproduce Population increases are limited External fertilization Conjugation Asexual 1 parent Budding Can increase populations rapidly Does not require a mate for reproduction to take place Lack of diversity in offspring Because they reproduce offspring genetically identical to parents, the offspring inherit any mutations of the parent. Spores Fission

- Diversity in offspring Definitions: - Diversity in offspring > def. – Diversity - the relative uniqueness of each individual in the population - offspring less likely to have mutations show up > def. – Mutation – changes in DNA

~ Body Plans ~ Animals that are irregular in shape or have no shape are asymmetrical. Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

~ Body Plans ~ An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. (like a pizza) An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other. (like humans)

Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group

Major Characteristics Invertebrates Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Porifera -Simplest animals can regenerate body parts -has no symmetry Sponges Asexual Cnidaria -2 basic body shapes; medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) -Have tentacles -have stinging cells called nematocyst Jellyfish Hydra Platyhelminthes -Can regenerate -most are parasites -have flat ribbon like bodies -Bilateral symmetry Planaria ** Flukes Flatworms Sexual or

Major Characteristics Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Nematoda -round, tubular bodies -Most are parasites -have both a mouth and anus -Bilateral symmetry Roundworms Pinworms Hook Worms Sexual Mollusca -Broad Muscular foot -Layer of tissue called mantle -Have hard shells and soft bodies -Live on land and in the water Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods Snails Slugs Clams Oysters Squids Octopuses Annelida -Segmented worms -Body divided into segments(sections) -Live in water or underground -have a nervous and circulatory system Segmented worms Earthworm Bristle Worms Leeches Sexual(majority) Asexual

Major Characteristics Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Echinodermata Endoskeleton covered with spines Starfish Sea Urchins Sand Dollar Asexual

Major Characteristics Invertebrates (cont’d) Type of Invertebrate Major Characteristics Examples Type of Reproduction Anthropods -Jointed Legs -Segmented body parts -Exoskeleton -Head and well-developed brain Centipedes Millipedes Sexual Crustaceans Arachnids Insects

Porifera. - Simplest animals Porifera - Simplest animals - can regenerate body parts Reproduction: ASEXUAL (Video)

~Invertebrate Phylum Porifera~ Examples: Tube Sponge, Glass Sponge, Sea Sponge

Cnidarians 2 basic body shapes Examples: Jellyfish/Hydra medusa (Ex. Jellyfish) & polyp (ex: Hydra) - Reproduction: Asexual

Platyhelminthes Can regenerate some are parasites Examples: Planaria*, Flukes, Flatworms Reproduction: Sexual or Asexual

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Planaria eyespots detect light food and waste go in and out the same opening

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Tapeworm Parasite that lives in intestines of host absorbing food

~Invertebrate Phylum Platyhelminthes ~ Examples: Fluke parasite lives inside of host

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ 2 different shapes Medusa - like a jellyfish Polyp - like a hydra

~Invertebrate Phylum Cnidaria~ Examples - Jellyfish, Hydra, sea anemones, and corals

Nematodes Most are parasites Examples: Pinworms, Hookworms Reproduction: Sexual

Mollusks - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells - Broad Muscular foot - Layer of tissue called mantle - Have shells - Group includes: gastropods bivalves & cephalopods - Gills - Examples: Complex ganglia,Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters, Squids, Octopuses - Reproduction: SEXUAL

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Gastropoda snails and slugs may have 1 shell stomach-footed - move on stomach

~Invertebrate Phylum Nematoda ~ Examples: Hookworm Trichinella

Annelids Closed Circulatory System Skin Examples: Earthworm, Bristle Worm, Leeches Reproduction: SEXUAL or ASEXUAL

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class Earthworms eat soil and breakdown organic matter, wastes provide nutrients to soil

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class bristleworms

~Invertebrate Phylum Annelida ~ Class leeches parasites that feed on blood of other animals

~Invertebrate Phylum Mollusca ~ Class Bivalves 2 shells hinged together clams, oysters, scallops and mussels

use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen Examples: starfish, sea urchin, Echinoderms Endoskeleton covered with spines use Tube Feet to obtain oxygen Examples: starfish, sea urchin, sand dollar Reproduction: Asexual

~Invertebrate Phylum Echinodermata ~ Examples: seastar, sea urchin, sand dollar and sea cucumber

Arthropods -- Jointed Legs -- Segmented Body parts -- Exoskeleton -- Head and well-developed brain - Reproduction: SEXUAL

~Invertebrate Phylum Arthropoda Class Pycnogonida Sea spider

~Chordata (Vertebrates)~ 1 main phylum Have backbones, and once had a notochord 5% of all animals are in this phylum 5 classes Fish Mammals Reptiles Amphibians Birds

Levels of Organization

ATOMS Smallest part of matter NON-living

Molecules 2 or more bonded atoms Form compounds NON-living

Macromolecule Very large molecules Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids NON-living

Organelles “Tiny organs” Made of macromolecules

Cell Made of organelles Basic unit of structure & function LIVING

Tissue The same kind cell working together Living

Organs Tissues that work together Living

Systems Organs that work together Living

Organism Entire living things (organisms) Usually made of systems May be a single cell Living

Population Same type of organism living together

Community Several populations living together Population interact

Ecosystem A biotic (living) community plus the abiotic (nonliving) features

Biome Similar ecosystems on earth together

Biosphere Whole living layer around the globe Includes abiotic features http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch8en/conc8en/envisys.html

Tissue Organ System Organism Atom Molecule Macromolecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biome Biosphere

Review What are Invertebrates? Animals without a backbone What is difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Sexual reproduction requires a mate, Asexual reproduction doesn’t What is an advantage of sexual reproduction? Diversity/Offspring less likely to have mutations What is a disadvantage of sexual reproduction? Population increases are limited/requires mate

Review Cont’d What is an advantage of asexual reproduction? Increases population rapidly/no mate needed What is a disadvantage of asexual reproduction? Reproduce offspring identical to parents No diversity Which category does a flat worm belong in (Asexual or Sexual)? both

The End.