Chemical Names and Formulas NC Competency Goal 2: The learner will build an understanding of the structure and properties of matter NC Competency Goal 3: The learner will build an understanding of regularities in chemistry. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

The Periodic Table The elements are arranged in rows and columns on the periodic table, according to similarities in their properties. A column of elements in the periodic table is known as a group. The “Group A” elements in the periodic table are known as the representative elements. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Representative elements include both metals and nonmetals. The Periodic Table Representative elements include both metals and nonmetals. The metallic elements or “metals” are elements that have a high luster when clean and a high electrical conductivity. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Characteristics of Metals The Periodic Table Characteristics of Metals Ductile – can be drawn into wires. Malleable – can be hammered into thin sheets. Most of the elements on the periodic chart are metals. The “ Group-B” elements are known as transition metals. Elements with atomic numbers 58-71 and 90-103 are known as the inner transition metals or “rare earth metals”. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Characteristics of Nonmetals The Periodic Table Characteristics of Nonmetals The elements grouped on the right side of the periodic table are called nonmetals. Nonmetals are elements that are nonlustrous and are poor conductors of electricity. Hydrogen is a nonmetal that is a special case. It’s a nonmetal grouped on the left side of the periodic chart. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Characteristics of Semimetals The Periodic Table Characteristics of Semimetals Elements that exhibit properties of both metals and nonmetals are called semimetals or metalloids. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

The Periodic Table Review Questions Identify the following as metals, semimetals or nonmetals. Potassium _________ Boron _________ Iodine _________ metal semimetal nonmetal NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

The Periodic Table Review Questions Which of the elements below are representative elements? Potassium Boron Uranium NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Atoms and Ions Sometimes…to form a chemical compound an atom can gain or lose an electron. When the number of electrons no longer equals the number of protons the “once electrically neutral” atom becomes a charged particle. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) that have a positive or negative charge. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Atoms and Ions Sometimes…to form a chemical compound an atom can gain or lose an electron. When the number of electrons no longer equals the number of protons the “once electrically neutral” atom becomes a charged particle. Ions are atoms (or groups of atoms) that have a positive or negative charge. Ions are formed when atoms gain or lose electrons. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Li 3 2 3 Atoms and Ions Lithium ion atom Metals tend to lose one or more electrons and form positive ions. A cation is any atom or group of atoms with a positive charge. Protons Electrons Li 3 p+ 4 no 3 2 3 Lithium ion atom NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

F - 9 9 10 Atoms and Ions Fluorine atom Fluoride ion Nonmetals tend to gain one or more electrons And form negative ions. A anion is any atom or group of atoms with a negative charge. Protons Electrons - F 9 p+ 10 no 9 9 10 Fluorine atom Fluoride ion NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Strontium is a group IIA metal and forms a cation with at 2+ charge. The Periodic Table Review Question 3. Write the formula and name of the ion formed. a.) A Strontium atom loses two electrons. Sr2+ Strontium ion Strontium is a group IIA metal and forms a cation with at 2+ charge. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Iodine is a groupVIIA nonmetal and forms an anion with at 1- charge. The Periodic Table Review Question 3. Write the formula and name of the ion formed. a.) An iodine atom gains one electron. I- Iodide ion Iodine is a groupVIIA nonmetal and forms an anion with at 1- charge. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

The Periodic Table Review Question 4. Complete this table: Symbol Change in Formula Name of of Element electrons of ion ion Ca2+ Calcium ion a. Ca 2 electrons lost __________ ___________ F ____________ F- ___________ c. _________ ____________ Al3+ ___________ 1 electron gained Fluoride ion Al 3 electrons lost Aluminum ion NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Compounds John Dalton proposed in his early “atomic Atoms of “A” Atoms of “B” Mixture of Compound of “A” and “B” Molecules made from “A” and “B” Compounds John Dalton proposed in his early “atomic theory” that atoms of different elements could indeed join together to make brand new substances. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

A + B ---> AB Compounds Compounds form when atoms or ions join together to form new substances. A + B ---> AB NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

A + Z ---> AZ Compounds Metals + Nonmetals ---> Ionic Compounds Nonmetals + Nonmetals ---> Molecular Compounds Metals + Nonmetals ---> Ionic Compounds NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

A + Z ---> AZ Compounds A molecule is an electrically neutral nonmetal nonmetal molecular compounds A + Z ---> AZ A molecule is an electrically neutral group of atoms that act as a single unit. Compounds that are composed of molecules are called molecular compounds NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

A+ + Z- ---> A Z + - Compounds Ionic Compounds are composed of metal nonmetal ionic compounds A+ + Z- ---> A Z + - Ionic Compounds are composed of positive and negative ions. The smallest representative unit of an ionic compound is called a formula unit. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- Ionic Charges IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA Use the chart below to determine the Ionic charges of the representative elements. Metals that Form Cations Nonmetals that Form Anions IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA 1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- NO Charges Formed Charges Vary NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

REVIEW Write the symbol for each ion. Be sure to include the charge. Hydrogen ion __________ Phosphide ion __________ Barium ion _____________ Mercury (II) ion _________ H+ P3- Ba2+ Hg2+ NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

REVIEW Name the following ions. Oxide ion Lithium ion Fluoride ion Cu2+_____________________ Oxide ion Lithium ion Fluoride ion Copper (II) ion NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

FYI The smallest representative unit of an element is an atom. molecular compound is a molecule. The smallest representative unit of an ionic compound is a formula unit. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Polyatomic ions are charged particles made up of many atoms. Poly = “many” Atomic = “atoms” Ions = “charged particles” Polyatomic ions are charged particles made up of many atoms. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

H2PO4 C2H3O2 HSO3 HSO4 - - - - Dihydrogen phosphate Acetate Polyatomic Ions 1- Charge Formula Name - H2PO4 Dihydrogen phosphate - C2H3O2 Acetate Hydrogen sulfite (bisulfite) - HSO3 - Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) HSO4 NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

HCO3 NO2 NO3 - - - Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) Nitrite Nitrate Polyatomic Ions 1- Charge Formula Name - HCO3 Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) - NO2 Nitrite - Nitrate NO3 NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

CN OH MnO4 - - - Cyanide Hydroxide Permanganate 1- Charge Polyatomic Ions 1- Charge Formula Name - CN Cyanide - OH Hydroxide - Permanganate MnO4 NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

ClO ClO2 ClO3 ClO4 - - - - Hypochlorite Chlorite Chlorate Perchlorate Polyatomic Ions 1- Charge Formula Name - ClO Hypochlorite ClO2 - Chlorite ClO3 - Chlorate ClO4 - Perchlorate NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

HPO4 C2O4 SO4 CO3 Hydrogen Phosphate Oxalate Sulfate Carbonate Polyatomic Ions 2- Charge Formula Name 2- HPO4 Hydrogen Phosphate C2O4 2- Oxalate SO4 2- Sulfate CO3 2- Carbonate NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

CrO4 Cr2O7 SiO3 Chromate Dichromate Silicate 2- Charge Polyatomic Ions Formula Name 2- CrO4 Chromate Cr2O7 2- Dichromate SiO3 2- Silicate NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

PO4 PO3 Phosphate Phosphite 3- Charge Polyatomic Ions Formula Name 3- NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

Ammonium NH4 1+ Charge Polyatomic Ions Formula Name 1+ NC Competency Goals 2 and 3

(even though it’s originally formed from two charged particles) ! Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds A binary ionic compound is an ionic compound composed of two elements (metal and nonmetal). When writing a formula for a binary ionic compound you must remember that the compound formed is electrically neutral (even though it’s originally formed from two charged particles) ! NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Binary Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds A binary ionic compound is an ionic compound composed of two elements. metal nonmetal ionic compound A+ + Z- ---> A Z + - …..But, what if one of the ions above has a charge greater than 1+ or 1- ……then what do you do? NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

A+ + Z2----> A Z + 2- 2 Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds A binary ionic compound is an ionic compound composed of two elements. metal nonmetal ionic compounds A+ + Z2----> A Z + 2- 2 …Since the compound formed from two ions has to be electrically neutral….YOU have to balance the compound formula by adding subscripts where they’re needed. …That means YOU have to add the subscript “2” onto element “A” to show 2 atoms of this element are needed to electrically “neutralize” each atom of “Z” it combines with. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Binary Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds A binary ionic compound is an ionic compound composed of two elements. Write the formula for a compound composed of the following pair of ions: Answer Box Li+ and S2- Li2S Lithium Sulfide NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Binary Ionic Compounds Writing Formulas for Binary Ionic Compounds A binary ionic compound is an ionic compound composed of two elements. Write the formula for a compound composed of the following pair of ions: Answer Box Mg2+ and N3- Mg3N2 Magnesium Nitride NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Ternary compounds contain atoms of three different elements. Example: What is the formula for Potassium Nitrate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. K+ NO3 - Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Ternary compounds contain atoms of three different elements. Example: What is the formula for Lithium Sulfate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. Li+ SO4 2- Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. 2 NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Remember: Subscripts are numbers you add to balance the charges in the compound formula, however, the subscript itself is NOT a cation or anion! Example: What is the formula for Lithium Sulfate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. Li+ SO4 2- Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. 2 NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Ternary compounds contain atoms of three different elements. Example: What is the formula for Calcium Nitrate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Ca2+ NO3 - Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds When adding a subscript to polyatomic ion, first place parenthesis around the polyatomic ion. Then add the subscript needed to balance the charges on the OUTSIDE of the parenthesis Example: What is the formula for Calcium Nitrate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Ca2+ (NO3) - Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. 2 NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- Ionic Charges IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA You may recall that an ionic charge formed from a representative element can be determined based on it’s location within the periodic chart. Metals that Form Cations Nonmetals that Form Anions IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA 1+ 2+ 3+ 3- 2- 1- NO Charges Formed Charges Vary NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Chemical Names And Formulas Naming cations that are formed from transition elements (and group IVA metals) Some transition elements (and group IVA metals) form cations that have multiple charges. Cu1+ Cu2+ Copper (I) ion Copper (II) ion When naming these cations, indicate their ionic charge using a roman numeral within parenthesis. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Example: What is the formula for Copper (II) Nitrate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. Cu2+ NO3 - Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Ternary Ionic Compounds When adding a subscript to polyatomic ion, first place parenthesis around the polyatomic ion. Then add the subscript needed to balance the charges on the OUTSIDE of the parenthesis Example: What is the formula for Copper (II) Nitrate? Step 1: Write the formula for the cation. Step 2: Write the formula for the anion. Cu2+ (NO3) - Step 3: Balance the charges using subscripts, if necessary. 2 NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Cu2 O Cu O Chemical Names And Formulas Naming compounds that contain transition elements or group IVA metals. Example: Write the name for the for compounds below? Cu2 O Cu O Copper (I) Oxide Copper (II) Oxide REMEMBER: Copper is a transition element, therefore you have to indicate the charge of copper (using a roman numeral within parenthesis) when writing the name for a “copper compound”. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Binary Molecular Compounds Binary Molecular Compounds are composed of two nonmetals. Example: CO2 Prefixes are used to name binary molecular compounds. Carbon Dioxide

Prefixes Used to Name Binary Molecular Compounds Number Example CO mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Name Carbon Monoxide

Prefixes Used to Name Binary Molecular Compounds Number Example CCl4 mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Name Carbon Tetrachloride Note: If one of the elements in the compound is a single atom, the prefix is normally omitted.

Prefixes Used to Name Binary Molecular Compounds Number Example N2O5 mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Name Dinitrogen Pentoxide

P2O3 Prefixes Used to Name Binary Molecular Compounds Prefix Number Example P2O3 mono- 1 di- 2 tri- 3 tetra- 4 penta- 5 hexa- 6 hepta- 7 octa- 8 nona- 9 deca- 10 Name Diphosphorous Trioxide Final Rule to Remember: Binary Compounds end in the suffix –ide.

Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Acids Acids are compounds that give off H+ (Hydrogen ions) when dissolved in water. The symbol (aq) represents “aqueous”. This symbol is an indication that HCl has been dissolved in water. HCl(aq) Hydrochloric Acid NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Apply the rules in the chart below to name acids. Chemical Names And Formulas Naming Acids Apply the rules in the chart below to name acids. Anion Suffix Example Acid Name Example -ide Cl- hydro-(stem)-ic acid hydrochloric acid chloride -ite SO2- (stem)-ous acid sulfurous acid 3 sulfite -ate NO- (stem)-ic acid nitric acid 3 nitrate

HC2H3O2(aq) Acetic Acid Name the following acids Chemical Names Anion Suffix Anion Name Acid Name Example -ide hydro-(stem)-ic acid -ite (stem)-ous acid -ate C2H3O2 (stem)-ic acid acetic acid Acetate ion - Chemical Names And Formulas Name the following acids HC2H3O2(aq) Acetic Acid (Press spacebar for answer) NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

HF(aq) Hydrofluoric Acid Name the following acids Chemical Names Anion Suffix Anion Name Acid Name Example -ide F- hydro-(stem)-ic acid hydrofluoric acid -ite (stem)-ous acid -ate (stem)-ic acid fluoride ion Chemical Names And Formulas Name the following acids HF(aq) Hydrofluoric Acid (Press spacebar for answer) NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

HNO2(aq) Nitrous Acid Name the following acids Chemical Names Anion Suffix Anion Name Acid Name Example -ide hydro-(stem)-ic acid -ite NO2 (stem)-ous acid Nitrous Acid -ate (stem)-ic acid nitrite ion - Chemical Names And Formulas Name the following acids HNO2(aq) Nitrous Acid (Press spacebar for answer) NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3

Summary: Chemical Names And Formulas In an ionic compound, the net ionic charge is zero. An –ide ending indicates a binary compound when (working with two elements). An – ite or –ate ending means the formula has a polyatomic ion (when working with a compound). Prefixes in the name indicate a molecular compound. They show the number of each atom in a formula. A roman numeral shows the ionic charge of the cation. NC Competency Goal 2 NC Competency Goal 3