LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH, THE HILL HOUSE, WALL SCONE, HELENSBURGH, DUNBARTONSHIRE, SCOTLAND, 1903

FRANK GEHRY, CUSTOM LIGHT FIXTURE LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL FRANK GEHRY, CUSTOM LIGHT FIXTURE

LAMP: GENERIC TERM FOR AN ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCE. LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY COST LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL LAMP: GENERIC TERM FOR AN ARTIFICIAL LIGHT SOURCE.

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909 LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY COST LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL LUMINAIRE: COMPLETE LIGHTING UNIT CONSISTING OF A LAMP(S), TOGETHER WITH PARTS DESIGNED TO DISTRIBUTE THE LIGHT, TO POSITION & PROTECT THE LAMPS & CONNECT THE LAMPS TO A POWER SOURCE. A LUMINAIRE IS COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS A FIXTURE. FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT, MEYER MAY HOUSE, GRAND RAPIDS, MI, 1909

COST: 4 % TO 5 % OF THE OVERALL BUILDING BUDGET. LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY COST LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL COST: 4 % TO 5 % OF THE OVERALL BUILDING BUDGET.

LIGHT FIXTURES LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS: INTRODUCTION TERMINOLOGY COST LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS: CONTROL LIGHT DISTRIBUTION FROM THE LAMP. CONTROL BRIGHTNESS: BLOCK GLARE OF LAMP FROM DIRECT VIEW. SUSPEND THE LAMP IN SPACE. PROTECT THE LAMP. CONNECT THE LAMP TO A POWER SOURCE. LUMINAIRE FUNCTIONS.

LIGHT FIXTURES DIFFUSING REFLECTORS: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL DIFFUSING REFLECTORS: USED WHERE A FAIRLY WIDE LIGHT DISTRIBUTION IS CALLED FOR. DIFFUSING REFLECTORS

SPECULAR REFLECTIORS: PERMIT PRECISE CONTROL OF LIGHT FLUX. LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION REFLECTORS REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL SPECULAR REFLECTIORS: PERMIT PRECISE CONTROL OF LIGHT FLUX.

LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS REFLECTORS REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PARABOLIC REFLECTORS: ANY RAY OF LIGHT EMANATING FROM THE FOCUS IS REFLECTED PARALLEL TO THE AXIS OF A PARABOLOID.

LIGHT FIXTURES ELLIPTIC REFLECTORS: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL ELLIPTIC REFLECTORS: CONCENTRATES ALL THE LIGHT AT A POINT. ELLIPTIC REFLECTORS ARE USE TO CREATED PINHOLE DOWNLIGHTS. ELLIPTIC REFLECTORS

ASYMMETRICAL REFLECTORS LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION REFLECTORS REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL ASYMMETRICAL REFLECTORS: CONCENTRATE LIGHT IN A SPECIFIC DIRECTION. ASYMMETRICAL REFLECTORS

LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS REFLECTORS REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL FRESNEL LENS: THIN GLASS OR PLASTIC PLANO-CONVEX LENS USED IN DOWNLIGHTS OR SPOTS TO CONCENTRATE LIGHT INTO A BEAMS, ALLOWING ACCURATE BEAM CONTROL (SIMILAR TO REFLECTORS) BUT WITH SMALLER FIXTURE SIZE.

LIGHT FIXTURES INTERNAL REFRACTOR: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION REFLECTORS REFRACTORS CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL INTERNAL REFRACTOR: MADE OF GLASS HAVING VERTICAL REFLECTING PRISMS ON THE INSIDE, LIGHT FROM THE SOURCE STRIKES THE REFRACTORS AND IS INTERNALLY REFRACTED DOWNWARD. INTERNAL REFRACTOR

TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS: DO NOT REDIRECT LIGHT BUT MERELY DIFFUSE IT, LIGHT DISTRIBUTION IS BASICALLY THE SAME AS THE BARE LAMP. WHITE OPAL GLASS, FROSTED GLASS AND WHITE PLASTICS ARE COMMONLY USED AS THE DIFFUSING MATERIAL. TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS

TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS: INEFFICIENT. PROVIDE GOOD WALL ILLUMINATION. THEY ARE HIGH IN VEILING REFLECTIONS. DIRECT GLARE MAY BE A PROBLEM DEPENDING ON THE DIFFUSING MATERIAL. TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS

LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL FLAT BAFFLES

LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL FLAT BAFFLES

LIGHT FIXTURES FLAT BAFFLES: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL FLAT BAFFLES: METAL OR PLASTIC RECTANGULAR SECTIONS WHICH SHIELD THE SOURCE & PROVIDE SOME REDIRECTION OF LIGHT. FAIR EFFICIENCY. HIGH VEILING REFLECTIONS. LOW IN DIRECT GLARE. FLAT BAFFLES

LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PARABOLIC LOUVERS: REDIRECT A LARGE PORTION OF LIGHT DIRECTLY DOWNWARD.

LIGHT FIXTURES BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS: CONTROL UNWANTED HIGH-ANGLE LIGHT BY CUTOFF ANGLES. BLACK BAFFLES AID GLARE CONTROL BY ABSORBING LIGHT & APPEARING DARK. OTHER COLORS GIVE A RING OF LIGHT AT THE BAFFLE EDGE. LOW EFFICIENCY. USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH A ELLIPTICAL REFLECTOR THAT FOCUSES LIGHT BELOW THE FIXTURE CAN IMPROVE EFFICIENCY & LOWER FIXTURE BRIGHTNESS. BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS

LIGHT FIXTURES PRISMATIC LENS: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PRISMATIC LENS: GLASS OR PLASTIC LENS CONSISTING OF PRISMS WHICH REFRACT THE TRANSMITTED LIGHT. HIGH EFFICIENCY. HIGH VEILING REFLECTIONS DEPENDING ON VIEWING ANGLES AND POSITION. GOOD DIFFUSION. PRISMATIC LENS

LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PRISMATIC LENS

LIGHT FIXTURES BATWING DIFFUSERS: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL BATWING DIFFUSERS: GOOD EFFICIENCY. LOW IN DIRECT AND REFLECTED GLARE. GOOD DIFFUSION. CAN BE CREATED THROUGH A PARABOLIC REFLECTOR OR A PRISMATIC SURFACE. LINEAR OR RADIAL. BATWING DIFFUERS

METHODS OF CONTROLLING BRIGHTNESS LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS TRANSLUCENT DIFFUSERS LOUVERS BAFFLED DOWNLIGHTS PRISMATIC LENS BATWING DIFFUSERS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING BRIGHTNESS

METHOD OF ILLUMINATION LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION METHOD OF ILLUMINATION LAMP TYPE ENCLOSURE METHOD OF SUSPENSION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL METHOD OF ILLUMINATION: DIRECT SEMI-DIRECT GENERAL DIFFUSE DIRECT-INDIRECT SEMI-INDIRECT INDIRECT. METHOD OF ILLUMINATION

LIGHT FIXTURES TYPE OF LAMP: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION METHOD OF ILLUMINATION LAMP TYPE ENCLOSURE METHOD OF SUSPENSION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL TYPE OF LAMP: INCANDESCENT FLUORESCENT MERCURY VAPOR METAL-HALIDE HIGH PRESSURE SODIUM LOW PRESSURE SODIUM LAMP TYPE

LIGHT FIXTURES TYPE OF ENCLOSURE: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION METHOD OF ILLUMINATION LAMP TYPE ENCLOSURE METHOD OF SUSPENSION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL TYPE OF ENCLOSURE: DIFFUSING REFLECTOR PARABOLIC REFLECTOR PLASTIC ENCLOSURE FITTING EYE-BALL TYPE OF ENCLOSURE

SHERATON PALACE HOTEL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, 1875 LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION METHOD OF ILLUMINATION LAMP TYPE ENCLOSURE METHOD OF SUSPENSION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL METHOD OF SUSPENSION: RECESSED OR FLUSH. SEMI-RECESSED. CEILING OR SURFACE MOUNTED. PENDANT. SHERATON PALACE HOTEL, SAN FRANCISCO, CA, 1875

LIGHT FIXTURES UL LABEL: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION UL LABEL MATERIALS BALLAST REPLACEMENT OUTDOOR FIXTURES FIXTURE APPRAISAL UL LABEL: ALL FIXTURES SHOULD BE WIRED AND CONSTRUCTED TO COMPLY WITH LOCAL CODES, NEC (ARTICLE 410) AND UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES STANDARDS FOR LIGHTING FIXTURES AND SHOULD CARRY THE UL LABEL, WHERE LABEL SERVICE IS AVAILABLE. UL LABEL

MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION UL LABEL MATERIALS BALLAST REPLACEMENT OUTDOOR FIXTURES FIXTURE APPRAISAL MATERIALS: FIXTURES SHOULD GENERALLY BE CONSTRUCTED OF 20 GAUGE (0.0359 INCH THICK) STEEL MINIMUM. CAST PORTIONS OF FIXTURES SHOULD BE NO LESS THAN 1/16” INCH THICK. ALL METALS SHOULD BE COATED. THE FINAL COAT SHOULD BE BAKED-ENAMEL WHITE OF A MINIMUM 85% REFLECTANCE, EXCEPT FOR ANODIZED OR ALZAC SURFACES. ALL HARDWARE SHOULD BE CADMIUM-PLATED OR OTHERWISE RUST-PROOFED. MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION

LIGHT FIXTURES BALLAST REPLACEMENT: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION UL LABEL MATERIALS BALLAST REPLACEMENT OUTDOOR FIXTURES FIXTURE APPRAISAL BALLAST REPLACEMENT: BALLASTS SHOULD BE MOUNTED IN FIXTURES WITH CAPTIVE SCREWS ON THE FIXTURE BODY, TO ALLOW BALLAST REPLACEMENT WITHOUT FIXTURE REMOVAL. BALLAST REPLACEMENT

LIGHT FIXTURES OUTDOOR FIXTURES: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION UL LABEL MATERIALS BALLAST REPLACEMENT OUTDOOR FIXTURES FIXTURE APPRAISAL OUTDOOR FIXTURES: ALL FIXTURES MOUNTED OUTDOORS, WHETHER UNDER CANOPIES OR DIRECTLY EXPOSED TO THE WEATHER, SHOULD BE CONSTRUCTED OF APPROPRIATE WEATHER-RESISTANT MATERIALS AND FINISHES, INCLUDING GASKETING TO PREVENT ENTRANCE OF WATER INTO WIRING, AND SHOULD BE MARKED BY THE MANUFACTURER, “SUITABLE FOR OUTDOOR USE.” OUTDOOR FIXTURES

MANUFACTURER’S TEST DATA LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE PHOTOMETRIC & DESIGN DATA: THE FIXTURE MANUFACTURER SHOULD FURNISH COMPLETE TEST DATA. MANUFACTURER’S TEST DATA

CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION CURVES LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION CURVES

CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION CURVES LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION CURVES

CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION CURVES LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE CANDLEPOWER DISTRIBUTION CURVES

COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE COEFFICIENT OF UTILIZATION

SPACING TO MOUNTING HEIGHT RATIO LIGHT FIXTURES INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE SPACING TO MOUNTING HEIGHT RATIO

LIGHT FIXTURES MAINTENANCE: INTRODUCTION LIGHT DISTRIBUTION CONTROL OF BRIGHTNESS FIXTURE CLASSIFICATION FIXTURE CONSTRUCTION FIXTURE APPRAISAL PHOTOMETRIC DATA MAINTENANCE MAINTENANCE: RELAMPING DIRT COLLECTION CLEANING REPLACEMENT PARTS MAINTENANCE