Pion and X-Ray Beam tests of 3D TimePix Detectors G. Stewart on behalf of Glasgow/CNM/Diamond 3D group Pion testbeam was conducted by LHCb/Medipix groups, led by Richard Plackett. X-Ray Testbeam was conducted by C. Parkes, D. Maneuski, A. MacRaighne, C. Fleta, N. Tartoni, E. Gimenez See backup slide for full list of participants

Outline Introduction 3D double sided detectors substrates Medipix and Timepix description X-ray beam Set up Charge Sharing Efficiency maps Pion-beam from SPS Set-up Efficiency and Energy Spectra Conclusions

Detector substrates - 3D and Planar Detectors are designed at Glasgow and fabricated at Centro Nacional de Microelectronica, Barcelona Columns are etched from opposite sides of substrate Column fabrication: Reactive ion etching Partial filing with polysilicon then doping Radiation Hardness Reduced Charge Sharing 25:1 Glasgow group Made both hole and collecting type devices P-type electron collecting faster response Electrons have longer lifetime after irradiatioon Charge sharing in double-sided 3D Medipix2 detectors D. Pennicard, et al. ,NIM A, Vol. 604, Issues 1-2, 1 June 2009, Pages 412-415

Medipix and Timepix Medipix Timepix Detector substrate Amplifier Amplifier Threshold Threshold Discriminator Discriminator 65k single-photon counting pixel array Square pixel size of 55µm Electron or hole collection Threshold equalisation Count rate of ~100kHz Readout in 300µs High dynamic range N counts Pixel Counter Pixel Counter +1 +N Readout Readout

3D Medipix2 (+ 1 planar) bump bonded at VTT 3D Pixel Medipix2 test 3D Medipix2 (+ 1 planar) bump bonded at VTT USB Interface for Medipix (CTU, Prague) Tested Diamond Synchrotron 3D Planar Powder Diffraction Ring

3D, 15keV Planar, 15keV Spectral scan Noise Signal 23% Charge sharing Monochromatic beam Threshold energy scanned through signal into noise Charge sharing reduced in 3D detector self shielding geometry 3D, 15keV Planar, 15keV Noise Signal 23% Charge sharing 40% Synchrotron Tests of a 3D Medipix2 X-Ray Detector, D. Pennicard et al., IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 57, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2010 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5410024&tag=1

Pixel Maps Microfocus beam 5µm FWHM 77.5µm square scans (55µm pixel) 2.5µm steps Background subtracted Interpolated Threshold ~ 50% of beam energy 7% drop in both

Charge Sharing 42.5µm Line Sections THL level ~50% beam energy Aqdvantage disadvantage THL level ~25% beam energy

Charge Sharing Double counting at edge More in Planar than 3D THL~25% Double counting at edge More in Planar than 3D THL~50% THL~75% Edge effect extends further into pixel in planar Normalised counts Fwhm numbers Numbers on peaks Perlim but indicatioln Reduced level of over counting and under counting in 3D = Reduced Charge Sharing Planar P-Type N-Type µm µm µm

MIP beam from SPS Secondary 120 GeV pion beam from SPS Medipix & LHCb Secondary 120 GeV pion beam from SPS 4 Timepix, 2 Medipix planes in telescope DUT: double sided 3D N-type sensor from CNM/Glasgow Expected track extrapolation error: < 3 μm DUT can be rotated to give different angles of incidence. Normal incidence Pion beam Individual pion tracks telescope DUT

Detector Signal Charge collection map - average value of landau as a function of position Summing charge in 3x3 pixel array around intercept point Averaged result over all pixels Drop in signal at the electrode positions Threshold just above noise level

Relative Signal Size Normal Incidence, 0° The charge collection map was normalised based on taking the ring shown to be 100% charge collection. Normal Incidence, 0°

Relative Signal Size The charge collection map was normalised based on taking the ring shown to be 100% charge collection. 2°

Relative Signal Size The charge collection map was normalised based on taking the ring shown to be 100% charge collection. 4°

Relative Signal Size The charge collection map was normalised based on taking the ring shown to be 100% charge collection. 10°

Efficiency – TOT Mode (Energy Spectra) 1-12 show ADC counts at positions along cross section from centre to the corners 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 ADC 30 ADC 7 ADC shared 9 10 11 12 Peaks seen at ~7 and ~30 ADC counts

Energy Spectra at varying Bias Voltages Depleted Region Depleted Region Depleted Region Partially Depleted Region Depleted Region

Energy Spectra with varying Bias Voltage Only the primary peak is considered.

Absolute Efficiency Normal Incidence, 0° Threshold set just above noise level. Add description of threshold

Absolute Efficiency 2°

Absolute Efficiency 4°

Absolute Efficiency 10°

Conclusions 3D detector successfully operated in X-ray and MIP testbeams. 3D detector shows less charge sharing than the planar equivalent. Charge collection observed from both inter-column and column-back plane regions. Charge loss at electrode positions is observed. As the detector is rotated, the signal equalises across the detector.

Full list of authors: G. Pellegrini, C. Fleta, M. Lozano, M.Ullan R. Bates, A. Mac Raighne, C. Parkes, G. Stewart Aaron Mac Raighnea, K. C. Akibah, L. Alianellib, M. Artusoj, R. Batesa, F. Bayer, J. Buytaerte, P. Collinsd, M. Crossleye, L. Eklunda, C. Fletac, A. Gallase, M. Gandelmani, M. Gersabecka , E.N. Gimenezb, V. Gligorova, T. Husef, M. Johng, L. F. Llina, M. Lozanoc, D. Maneuskia, J. Marchalb, T. Michelk, M. Nicola, G. Pellegrinic, D. E. Perirae, R. Plackettd, V .O'Sheaa, C. Parkesa, E. Rodriguesa, K.J.S. Sawhneyb, N. Tartonib, P. Vazqueze. a) University of Glasgow, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Glasgow, UK. b) Diamond Light Source Ltd, Oxfordshire, UK. c) Instituto de Microelectronica de Barcelona, IMB-CNM-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain. d) CERN CH-1211, Genève 23, Switzerland. e) Facultad de Fisica , University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain. f) Department of Physics, The University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. g) Department of Physics, University of Oxford, UK. h) Nikhef, Science Park 105, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands. i) Instituto de Fisica, Univ. Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. j) Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, U.S.A. k) Erlangen Centre for Astroparticle Physics, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erwin-Rommel-Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany

Synchrotron Tests of a 3D Medipix2 X-Ray Detector, D. Pennicard et al Synchrotron Tests of a 3D Medipix2 X-Ray Detector, D. Pennicard et al., IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON NUCLEAR SCIENCE, VOL. 57, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2010 http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5410024&tag=1

Detection Efficiency with Angle 2° 0.32° 4° 10°

Relative Efficiencies The relative efficiency increases towards 100% between 0.32° and 2°. By 10° the difference between the corner and central efficiencies is much reduced.

Energy Spectra at varying Angles 0.32°

Energy Spectra at varying Angles 2°

Energy Spectra at varying Angles 4°

Energy Spectra at varying Angles 10°

Energy Spectra at varying Angles Position of primary peak in landau distributions.

Energy Spectra at varying Bias Voltages

Energy Spectra at varying Bias Voltages

Energy Spectra at varying Bias Voltages