Bohr’s Model of the Atom Chem 11

Bohr’s Model Why don’t the electrons fall into the nucleus? e- move like planets around the sun. They move in circular orbits at different levels. Amounts of energy separate one level from another.

Bohr’s Model Nucleus Nucleus Electron Electron Orbit Orbit Energy Levels Energy Levels

Bohr postulated that: Fixed energy related to the orbit Electrons cannot exist between orbits The higher the energy level, the further it is away from the nucleus An atom with maximum number of electrons in the outermost orbital energy level is stable (unreactive)

How did he develop his theory? He used mathematics to explain the visible spectrum of hydrogen gas

Low energy High energy Radiowaves Microwaves Infrared . Ultra-violet X-Rays GammaRays Low Frequency High Frequency Long Wavelength Short Wavelength Visible Light

The line spectrum Electricity passed through a gaseous element emits light at a certain wavelength The colours can be seen when passed through a prism Every gas has a unique pattern (colour)

} Fifth Fourth Increasing energy Third Second First Further away from the nucleus means more energy. There is no “in between” energy } Fifth Fourth Third Increasing energy Second First

Line spectrum of various elements Helium Carbon

Line spectrum of various elements Carbon Helium

Electrons orbiting closest to the nucleus are said to be in the lowest energy state called the ground state Atoms can absorb an amount of energy This promotes an electron to a higher energy level called the excited state This energy level is unstable and so the electron will fall back to its ground state When it does this, the excess energy will be emitted as light

n=2 is the ground state Electron is promoted to n=3 the excited state Electron falls back down and light is given off

When the e- falls from one energy level to another, an amount of energy is emitted as light This light emitted at specific wavelengths, which corresponds to our atomic spectra Each atom will have different electron “jumps” therefore emitting different amounts of energy as light This creates different line spectra for various elements

Let’s watch this video http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/chang7/esp/folder_structure/pe/m1/s3/

http://www. mhhe. com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Bohr/applet_files/Bohr http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/astronomy/applets/Bohr/applet_files/Bohr.html http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072482621/student_view0/interactives.html#

Bohr’s Triumph His theory helped to explain periodic law Halogens are so reactive because it has one e- less than a full outer orbital Alkali metals are also reactive because they have only one e- in outer orbital

Drawback Bohr’s theory did not explain or show the shape or the path traveled by the e-. His theory could only explain hydrogen and not the more complex atoms

The Quantum Mechanical Model Energy is quantized – meaning it comes in chunks. A quanta is the amount of energy needed to move from one energy level to another. Since the energy of an atom is never “in between” there must be a quantum leap in energy. An equation has been developed that described the energy and position of the electrons in an atom

Atomic Orbitals Principal Quantum Number (n) = the energy level of the electron. Within each energy level the complex math equation describes several shapes. These are called atomic orbitals Orbitals are regions where there is a high probability of finding an e-

S sublevel 1 s orbital for every energy level 1s 2s 3s Spherical shaped Each s orbital can hold 2 electrons Called the 1s, 2s, 3s, etc.. orbitals

P sublevel Start at the second energy level 3 different directions 3 different shapes Each orbital can hold 2 electrons

The p Sublevel has 3 p orbitals

The D sublevel contains 5 D orbitals The D sublevel starts in the 3rd energy level 5 different shapes (orbitals) Each orbital can hold 2 electrons

The F sublevel has 7 F orbitals The F sublevel starts in the fourth energy level The F sublevel has seven different shapes (orbitals) 2 electrons per orbital

Summary Starts at energy level

Electron Configurations The way electrons are arranged in atoms. Aufbau principle- e- enter the lowest energy first. This causes difficulties because of the overlap of orbitals of different energies. Pauli Exclusion Principle- at most 2 e-per orbital with different spins

Electron Configurations First Energy Level only s sublevel (1 s orbital) only 2 electrons 1s2 Second Energy Level s and p sublevels (s and p orbitals are available) 2 in s, 6 in p 2s22p6 8 total electrons

Third energy level s, p, and d orbitals 2 in s, 6 in p, and 10 in d 3s23p63d10 18 total electrons Fourth energy level s,p,d, and f orbitals 2 in s, 6 in p, 10 in d, and 14 in f 4s24p64d104f14 32 total electrons

Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p

Electron Configuration Hund’s Rule- When e- occupy orbitals of equal energy they don’t pair up until they have to . Let’s determine the e- configuration for Phosphorus Need to account for 15 electrons

Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p The first to electrons go into the 1s orbital Notice the opposite spins only 13 more

Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p 3s 2p The next electrons go into the 2s orbital only 11 more

Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p The next electrons go into the 2p orbital only 5 more

Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s 3p The next electrons go into the 3s orbital only 3 more

Increasing energy 7p 6d 5f 7s 6p 5d 6s 4f 5p 4d 5s 4p 3d 4s The last three electrons go into the 3p orbitals. They each go into separate shapes 3 unpaired electrons 1s22s22p63s23p3

Orbitals fill in order Lowest energy to higher energy. Adding electrons can change the energy of the orbital. Half filled orbitals have a lower energy. Makes them more stable. Changes the filling order

Write these electron configurations Titanium - 22 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d2 Vanadium - 23 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d3 Chromium - 24 electrons 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d4 is expected But this is wrong!!

Chromium is actually 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 Why? This gives us two half filled orbitals. Slightly lower in energy. The same principal applies to copper.

Copper’s electron configuration Copper has 29 electrons so we expect 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d9 But the actual configuration is 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d10 This gives one filled orbital and one half filled orbital. Remember these exceptions

Great site to practice and instantly see results for electron configuration.

Practice Time to practice on your own filling up electron configurations. Do electron configurations for the first 20 elements on the periodic table.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table