BIOMOLECULES

BIO = LIFE So molecules TO BUILD LIFE!

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION… Least complex To Most complex

Today we will dig into the four macromolecules that are essential for life to exist.

What are biomolecules? Large organic (have carbon) molecules that exist in all living things Also known as Macromolecules (Macro=Large) They are life's building blocks All living things are formed from these molecules

SMALL TO BIG Mono= One Poly= Many Biomolecules cont…. Biomolecules start out small as monomers and you add on to them to build them up to become polymers SMALL TO BIG Mono= One Poly= Many

What are the 4 biomolecules? Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins WE TYPICALLY GET BIOMOLECULES FROM FOOD… THIS IS WHY WE MUST EAT IN THE FIRST PLACE! THE BIOMOLECULES KEEP ORGANISMS ALIVE.

#1: CARBOHYDRATES ARE SUGARS!

What are Carbohydrates? Function: Primary (short term) energy Structure: Ring shape Examples: Chocolate, Bread, Pasta, Fruits, Vegetables (ALL FROM PLANTS!!!) Elements: C, H, O (1:2:1 ratio) Monomer (building block): Monosaccharides (Glucose is most common) Polymer: Disaccharides (sucrose and lactose) and Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose) IMPORTANT!

Sugars that make up Carbs Single sugar: monosaccharide Ex: glucose , fructose (in fruits) 2 monosaccharides: disaccharide Ex: maltose, sucrose 3+ monosaccharides: polysaccharide Ex: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose I am a polysaccharide!

Structure of Carbohydrates Remember: Elements are C, H, and O Primarily in a Ring shape (but not always) 2. 1. 3.

#2: LIPIDS ARE FATS

Lipids Function: Store energy, insulates your body, and make up the cell membrane! Structure: Long chains Example: Fat, oil, wax Elements: C-H-O Monomer (Building blocks): glycerol & 3 fatty acids Polymer: Phospholipids, triglycerides

Lipid Structure Remember: Elements present are C, H, O Long chains of Carbon and Hydrogen Saturated Fats Unsaturated Fats

Which of the following represents a lipid? 2. 3. 1. 4.

CAN YOU ANSWER THE FOLLOWING? What is the main difference in structure between a carb and lipid? What is the main difference in function between a carb and lipid?

#3: PROTEINS BUILD US

NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW! Proteins Function: Growth and repair of tissue Structure: chains of amino acids that bend Examples: fish, eggs, meat Elements: C-H-O-N Monomer (Building Block): amino acids (20 different ones!) Polymers: enzymes and polypeptides NITROGEN IS PRESENT, NOW!

Protein Structure Remember: Elements are C, H, O, and N “R” groups represent one of the 20 Amino Acids! (so, each amino acid has something different in that spot)

Why are amino acids important? When groups of amino acids are joined together a protein is formed There are 20 kinds of amino acids Peptide bonds form between amino acids (polypeptide = many peptide bonds = protein!)

Which of the following represents an amino acid? 2. 3. 1. 4.

#4: NUCLEIC ACIDS These biomolecules are not necessarily from food

Nucleic acids Function: provide the instructions to make proteins and is our genetic information Structure: double or single helix Examples: DNA and RNA Elements: C-H-O-N-P Monomer: nucleotides A nucleotide is made up of: Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen Base: A, T, G, C, or U Polymer: DNA, RNA and ATP Energy carrier Genetic code! Recipe for proteins

Structure of Nucleic Acid

Which of the following represents a nucleotide? 2. 3. 1. 4.