By: Mark A. Gonzalez & Susan Pojer Bradenton Christian School Ancient and Classical Rome By: Mark A. Gonzalez & Susan Pojer Bradenton Christian School Bradenton, Florida

The Geography of Rome

The History of Ancient Italy

Italy in 750 BC

Influence of the Etruscans Writing-never been deciphered Religion The Arch

The Mythical Founding of Rome: Romulus & Remus According to legend, their mother was Rhea Silvia conceived the twins by the god Mars. Once the twins were born, they were abandoned to die in the Tiber river. They were saved by a series of miraculous interventions: the river carried them to safety, a she-wolf found and suckled them, and a woodpecker fed them. A shepherd and his wife found them and fostered them to manhood as simple shepherds. The twins, still ignorant of their true origins, proved to be natural leaders. Each acquired many followers. When they discovered the truth of their birth and chose to found a new city. In a power struggle, Romulus eventually killed Remus and the city was named “Rome” somewhere between 753-728 BC.

The Roman Republic: 509 BC - 27 BC

Republican Government 2 Consuls (Rulers of Rome) Senate (Representative body for patricians-land owning noblemen) General Assembly (Representative body for plebeians (90% of pop.)-all other free men) More stable than Greek direct democracy Structure of our US Govt modeled on this Roman Republic model

The Twelve Tables of Rome, 450 BC Providing political and social rights for the plebeians. Codified law similar to Hammurabi’s Innocent until proven guilty Eventually applied to all conquered areas Established “Rule of Law” in Rome est. the lawyer profession-Cicero-the First great lawyer

The Roman Forum

Rome’s Early Road System-built by the Roman army

Roman Roads: The Appian Way

Roman Aqueducts

The Roman Colosseum

The Colosseum Interior and the the hypogeum below

The Punic Wars Rome vs. Carthaginian Empire

Hannibal’s Route (218-201 BC) Rome’s conflicts w/ the Carthaginians-Punic wars Hannibal destroyed many towns and villages almost conquered Rome Romans eventually burned Carthage to the ground---Rome became the only power in the Mediterranean

Reforms after the Punic Wars Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus the poor should be given grain and small plots of free land. Military Reformer Gaius Marius recruited an army from the poor and homeless. professional standing army.

Collapse of the Republic Large influx of slaves-not enough jobs for poor Romans (plebians) on the farms moved to cities Led to overcrowding in the cities Roman currency became devalued high inflation Political Leaders fought amongst themselves—power of the Senate weakened Power transferred to the Consul of 3 men-also called the 1st Triumvirate

The First Triumvirate 1. Julius Caesar 2. Marcus Crassus 3. Gaius Pompey

Collapse of the Republic: Senate v. Caesar’s followers Julius Caesar Pompey

Crossing the Rubicon River, 49 BC-a point of no return… Crossing the Rubicon River, 49 BC-a point of no return….Julius Caesar symbolically began the Roman Empire “The Die is Cast!”

Crossing the Rubicon River

“Beware the Ides of March!”-warned a seer 44 BC-Julius Assassinated!

The Second Triumvirate 1. Octavian Augustus 2. Marc Antony 3. Marcus Lepidus

The Roman Empire: 27 BC - 476 CE (AD)

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor Also known as Caesar Augustus The emperor at the time of Jesus’ birth Rome—the capital of Western world Est. rule of law, common coinage, civil service and secure travel for merchants Pax Romana (Roman Peace)-220 years of stability Conquered peoples could maintain cultural identity

The First Roman Dynasty

Pax Romana: 27 BC –180 AD

The Greatest Extent of the Roman Empire – 14 AD

The Rise of Christianity

St. Paul: Christian Apostle to the Gentiles Gospel spread by Paul and Jesus’ disciples Grace through faith and salvation open to all who believe attracted many especially the poor and women 2nd major monotheistic religion Spread throughout the entire empire by the 3rd century

The Spread of Christianity

Imperial Roman Road System-allowed for the easy spread of the gospel

Nero and the Great Persecution Romans saw the new religion as a threat to its paganism and power Emperor Nero began to persecute Christians Open killings in Rome’s Colosseum Failed to stop the spread of the gospel

Nero and the Great Persecution

SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN ASIA

The Empire in Crisis: 3rd c

The Empire in Crisis: 3rd c 2 Major Reasons for Collapse of the Roman Empire: Internal-bad leaders, too big of an empire to manage External- the Huns, Vandals and invasion of the Germanic tribes Emp. Diocletian divided the empire to introduce economic reforms Co-emperor w/ Constantine for a while

Diocletian Splits the Empire in Two: 294 CE

Constantine: 312 – 337 AD Rose to power 306 AD as co-emperor, full control of the east by 322 set up full control of the empire at Constantinople Christianity as the official religion of the empire---try to unify (Edict of Milan, 391 AD

Constantinople: “The 2nd Rome” (Founded in 330)

Interregional Trade Networks

Roman to Asia Trade Routes overland converged at Constantinople Sea routes to Indian Ocean From central Asia-stirrups, rice, citrus, silk and spices from Asia, gold from Africa

Barbarian Invasions: 4c-5c

Attila the Hun: “The Scourge of God” Led the nomadic Huns-from China to Germany Both Romans and Germanic tribes resisted him Attacked Rome His victory showed the superiority of horsemen in warfare- the Greeks , Romans and Germanic tribes preferred infantry

The Center of Power shifts to Byzantium: The Eastern Roman Empire

The Byzantine Empire During the Reign of Justinian

The Byzantine Emperor Justinian

The Legacy of Rome Republic Government—US Constitution Roman Law Latin Language Roman Catholic Church City Planning Roman Military Tactics still used Romanesque Architectural Style Roman Engineering Aqueducts Sewage systems Dams Cement Arch