High and Late Middle Ages 1050-1450 Chapter 8

Royal Power Grows Section 1

William the Conqueror Who: King of England What: conquered England & set out to control the land Where: England (Normandy, France) When: 1028-1087; 1066* Why: he conquered England to defeat his cousin & became king; change the power of England to the Normans

Common Law Who: Royal courts, Henry II What: a legal system based on customs & court rulings Where: England When: 1154 AD Why: unlike local feudal laws, this applied to all of England instead of just local; ppl brought disputes to royal courts instead of church; centralized the law

Jury Who: group of men that spoke the truth, Henry II What: group of men determined what cases would be brought to trial Where: England When: 1154 Why: this was an early form of today’s Grand Jury; this led to trial jury- an accused person is judged by 12 of his neighbors

King John Who: son of Henry II, King of England What: a clever, cruel, & untrustworthy ruler Where: Enlgand When: 1205 Why: lost a war = lost land & popularity; argued w. the Pope over his choices; angered his nobles w. oppressive taxes & abuses = Magna Carta (limited his power)

Magna Carta Who: King John, groups of rebellious barons (nobles) What: a document that limited the king’s power due to his abuses Where: England When: 1215* Why: this shaped the future of English government-- this said nobles had rights (eventually given to all ppl not just nobles), made it so that the monarch had to obey the law; also introduced due process of law & Habeas Corpus

Due Process of Law Who: King John, townspeople What: a clause that protected freemen from arbitrary arrest, imprisonment, &other legal actions Where: England When: 1215 Why: formed the basis of the rights we know &have today- we have rights even when being arrested

Habeas Corpus Who: citizens, people that are arrested What: a right that no person can be held in prison without first being charged with a specific crime Where: England, WE When: 1215-today Why: this right was later confirmed in the Petition of Right & is still around today protecting citizens from unjust arrest

The Holy Roman Empire and the Church Section 2

Holy Roman Empire Who: Charlemagne; Otto I What: empire that ruled throughout WE from Germany to Italy Where: Central & Eastern Europe (Germany, Italy) When: 1077- Why: The Pope was the most powerful man on earth = he gave power of this Empire to the most trustworthy leaders (the Empire was “Holy”) ; largest Empire in Europe since the fall of Rome

Henry IV Who: King of Germany, Holy Roman Emperor What: leader of the HRE; was excommunicated by Pope in 1076 b.c. not following rules of Gregory VII Where: Germany, HRE, WE When: 1054- Why: Henry fought w Pope Gregory VII; was excommunicated; later repented & was forgiven but he led an army to Rome to force Pope into Exile (fought about Lay Investiture)

Gregory VII Who: Pope What: Pope that instituted many church reforms such as banning Lay Invest. Where: Rome, Italy (WE) When: 1054-1077 Why: he banned the practice of Lay Investiture which caused an issue w. Henry IV; his policies created hatred & contempt b.c. ppl wanted to be independent from the church (secular)

Lay Investiture Who: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV What: a church practice where an Emperor or lay person (not relig) vested a person as a religious official or presented bishops w. rings that symbolized their office Where: Rome, Italy, (WE) When: 1054-1077 Why: this caused conflict b.n Greg VII & Henry IV which led to Henry’s excommunication; ppl were mad about Gregory VII banned this- they rebelled

Frederick Barbarossa Who: Holy Roman Emperor, known as “Red Beard” , ambitious German ruler What: fought to bring cities into Italy under his control so he joined w. the Pope to have more control; he wanted to expand his Empire Where: Germany, Italy When: 1100-1200 Why: he wanted to build an Empire from Baltic to Adriatic Seas ; he succeeds in expanding his Empire through marriage = German Emp. Are more deeply involved in Italian affairs

The Crusades Section 3

Crusades Who: European Christians vs. Muslims What: a series of wars where Christians battled the Muslims over control of the Holy Land in the Middle East (ME) Where: Middle East (ME) When: 1096-1296 Why: they learned that the world was larger than they thought & these encounters outside of Europe accelerated change w.in Europe – expand their economies (new goods); monarchs become more powerful;

Holy Land Who: Muslims vs Christians What: the land that Christians believed Jesus was from so it was the origin of their religion; Muslims believed it was the origin of theirs Where: Jerusalem & Palestine (ME) When: 1071 Why: Muslims groups controlled this region which prevented Christians from being together; This land was fought over in the Crusades

Pope Urban II Who: Pope What: gathered Christian knights to fight for Christianity against the Muslim Turks Where: Rome, Italy, WE; ME When: 1095-1145 Why: He hoped to increase his power in Europe; heal the schism (split) in the Byzantine & WE Christian churches; set the Crusades to fight Muslims instead of other Christians

Reconquista Who: Christians vs. Muslims What: the Christians strove to drive the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula (Spain & Portugal) and make it all Christian Where: Iberian Peninsula, Spain, WE When: 1085-1492 Why: The Christian kingdoms wanted to push the Muslims out of Spain & they succeed- Ferdinand & Isabella complete the Recon. By getting rid of the Muslims

Ferdinand & Isabella Who: Ferdinand of Aragon & Isabella of Castile What: they married & unified Spain; pushed the Muslims out of Granada & completed the Reconquista Where: Spain When: 1469-1492 Why: The Christians wanted to take over Muslim lands in Spain & end religious tolerance of other religions- Isabella wanted to convert everyone to Christianity– “Inquisition”; wanted to bring political & religious unity to Spain

Inquisition Who: Queen Isabella of Spain, Non-Christians (Jews & Muslims) What: the church court that was set up to try people of heresy (going against the church) Where: Spain When: 1469-1492 Why: the Christian church in Spain accused all non-Christians of heresy & punished them with death by burning at the stake OR they were expelled- 150000 non Christians fled Spain

Causes of the Crusades The Byzantine Emperor asked the Pope for Christian knights to help fight off the Muslim Turks who were invading the Byzantine Empire Christian men were encouraged to fight in the name of Christ for control of the Holy Land for the Christians Christian knights had not been allowed to enter the Holy Land, went to fight for their right to be in the Holy Land The Muslims repeatedly sought to destroy the Christians states which caused the Europeans to fight against them

Effects of the Crusades Encouraged the growth of the Economy b.c. the Lords allowed peasants to pay w/ $ Monarchs’ power increased Crusaders experienced ME = other culture = curiosity about the world = travel People had religious hatred towards each other= atrocities against other religions = massacres of other faiths Helped accelerated/speed up the pace of things in Europe = ppl are encouraged by other cultures

Learning & Culture Section 4

The Universities The church wanted better educated clergy Wealthy townspeople sons hoped to qualify for higher church positions Royal leaders needed literate men for the growing bureaucracies

Scholarship Muslim scholars had translated the works of Aristotle & other Greek philosophers into Arabic- these works reached Europe & initiated a revolution in the world of learning Christian scholars studied the works of the Muslim philosophers& were influenced to create their own philosophical works

Scholasticism Who: Christian philosophers What: they tried to resolve conflict by using a combination of Reason & Christian beliefs Where: Europe When: 1100s Why: this method of learning & thinking was used to explain Christian beliefs in the Middle Ages- it was also used to resolve conflict- this use of Reason led to learning in Universities

Gothic Style Who: Abbot Suger (guy who built them) What: a new style of architecture that would “shine with wonderful & uninterrupted light” ; grand architecture that was to reflect their love of God & heaven Where: St. Denis, Paris; all over W. Europe When: 1140-1300s Why: new style of church that reflected their love of religion- bigger windows, stained glass, thinner wAlls, higher ceilings; paintings in stained glass; pointed to the sky/heavens (gargoyles-to ward off evil); Flying buttresses

Flying Buttresses Who: Abbot Sugar (guy who built Gothic style) What: stone supports outside of the church Where: WE; St. Denis, Paris When: 1140-1300s Why: most important feature of Gothic style- allowed builders to construct higher, thinner walls & leave space for large stained glass windows; they carried the weight of the roof so thick walls weren’t needed

Illumination Who: skilled artisans What: Gothic artistic style of decorating books with intricate designs & paintings of bible scenes Where: WE When: 1300-1400s Why: this way of decorating books symbolized religious ideas; was decorated in brilliant colors & detail; this was a key type of art during the Medieval Ages

Black Death Who: Europeans, Asians What: a disease that was spread around the world by fleas that bit rats that had the disease then gave it to people Where: Came from Asia, spread to Europe, Africa, & all over Asia When: 1347-1353* Why: it killed 1/3 of the pop- more than 25 million people; a death rate worse than any war in history; Economy suffers b.c. ppl are dying; normal life changes b.c they feared death & didn’t live normal life; people doubt the church b.c of all the death