What do you know about Rome?

Beginnings of Rome The Legend- founded by twins Romulus and Remus. Sons of the god Mars and a virgin princess, were to be killed at birth but left by the Tiber River. Cared for by a she-wolf until found by a shepherd. Romulus killed Remus in an argument city built on the 7 hills where they grazed their sheep.

The Truth Central location Fertile land Tiber River Near the coast

Early Settlers to Rome Latins- farmers and shepherds, language Greeks- religion, architecture and culture Etruscans- art, metalwork Early Rome had a monarchy. Etruscan King Targuin overthrown Romans swore never to have another king.

THE ROMAN REPUBLIC “Republic”- Latin for “public affairs”. Leaders elected to represent the people Only free male citizens voted. 2 main classes 1- Patricians- rich, upper class, most power 2- Plebeians- middle & lower classes, Could not be in the Senate.

Roman Government *The Senate- the rich, member for life, 300 total *The Consuls- elected by Senate, 1 ran the military and 1 ran the govt. *The Assemblies- middle & lower classes no power *Dictators- elected by the Senate in times of crisis

Twelve Tables First Roman law- to protect citizens’ rights, especially Plebeians (marriage law, criminal law, business law) Laws posted in the Forum

The Roman Army “The Legion” Always stood at least 5,000 strong infantry and cavalry. Multiple Legions All Roman men required to serve great fighters, armed with the best equipment

ROMAN EXPANSION The Legion conquered Italy then went to other regions conquered people kept their customs could b/cm a Roman citizen

The Punic Wars Carthage – Built by Phoenicians. Rome wanted it to control the Med. Sea First Punic War- Rome took Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia Second Punic War- Hannibal led mercenaries w/ war elephants, attacked Rome over the Alps. Hannibal won many battles. Rome attacked Carthage. Hannibal called home but too late. Third Punic War- Rome destroyed Carthage, took North Africa.

THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR Caesar rose to power through the military in Gaul First Triumvirate w/ Pompey and Crassus Civil War- Caesar defeated Pompey and Crassus Caesar b/cm dictator, gave money & land to the poor. Adopted Julian calendar

Death of Caesar Stabbed to death by the Senate on March 15, 44 BC Brutus

The Julius Caesar Knife Block

Civil War After the death of Caesar Octavian After the death of Caesar Octavian & Marc Antony (2 of Caesar’s generals) fought over Rome (13 years) Octavian defeats Antony becomes the new dictator. Cleopatra

Death of Cleopatra

CHRISTIANITY Life of Jesus- b. Bethlehem Jewish carpenter Began preaching at 30 *Followers- apostles/disciples. *The Messiah Death on the Cross *Jews and Romans feared Jesus Pontius Pilate arrested Jesus & crucified. Jesus tortured, carried his cross thru the city, nailed to the cross, sealed in a tomb - 3 days later his body disappeared

PAX ROMANA- ROMAN PEACE 27 BC- 180 AD Octavian calls himself “Augustus”- “Exalted One” - Rome’s first emperor Created civil service system - mail, census, tax collectors. Created jobs building roads, temples, farming- jobs to poor. Roman Agriculture- most important industry, 90% of pop. The empire expanded- 10,000 miles

BAD EMPERORS Caligula (ruled 37-41 AD) ruled at 24, mentally unstable, tortured / killed 1,000s, incest w/ sisters, threatened to appoint his horse counsel, assassinated by his own men Nero (54-68 AD)- burned Rome (burned poor areas) blamed fires on Christians, executed Christians, thought he was an artist/musician (not very good), committed suicide. Domitian (81-96 AD)- very paranoid about being assassinated, executed thousands - assassinated.

What was the purpose of the Gladiator Games?

Roman Sport- The Gladiators Gladiators were criminals or slaves who were forced to fight wild animals and each other Winners b/cm heroes and celebrities, but still slaves Battles were to the death

Inside the Colosseum

Circus Maximus Chariot Races

DISASTER STRIKES 79 AD - Mt. Vesuvius erupted, buried the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum in volcanic ash and lava. Poison gas killed most of the people. The ash hardened and preserved a look at the Roman life.

THE GOOD EMPERORS TRAJAN- b. Spain- 1st non-Italian *helped the poor esp. children *Forum of Trajan- largest baths *military victories- territory all the way to China. HADRIAN- cousin of Trajan *empire too big, gave land back to locals *built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain empire’s northern border *mostly toured the empire *b/cm sick & died after the death of his lover in Egypt.

Forum of Trajan

Roman Bath

ROMAN ACHIEVEMENT GRECO-ROMAN CIVILIZATION combo Greek & Roman cultures Roman Art- realism, frescoes & mosaics Roman Architecture- perfected the column and developed the arch CONCRETE! 1st domed building- the Pantheon- still standing

Mosaics

Roman Fresco

Roman Architecture

Colosseum

Colosseum

Colosseum Model

Colosseum Roof

Pantheon

Roman Roads Moved the army, people and goods

Road Construction

ROMAN DECLINE political / economic problems (depression) Bad Emperors- overthrown or assassinated - 26 different emperors in 50 years high taxes to support govt. & the army farmland overused, b/cm unproductive farmers became slaves to rich landowners

People pay taxes over time Divided empire- East & West LAST CHANCE- SAVE THE EMPIRE Diocletian A “price freeze” edict People pay taxes over time Divided empire- East & West *EAST- Greek lang. Diocletian ruled *WEST - Latin speaking, most of Europe, Maximian ruled

Constantine (284-313 AD) Adopted Christianity, now the official religion of Rome Moved the capital to Byzantine (Turkey) Named it Constantinople

Invasion of the Empire Rome attacked by Barbarians (anyone not Roman) Visigoths- attacked Rome- in 408 AD Vandals- sacked Rome in 455 AD Saxons- British Isles Franks- central Europe Ostrogoths- eastern Europe

Attacks from Asia The Huns Led by Attila 100,000 strong Plundered 70 Roman cities Never captured Rome. Rome pop. went from 1 million to 20,000

Byzantine Empire Emperor Justinian- conquered N. Africa, Italy and Spain- b/cm the new Caesar *Justinian Code- 5,000 Roman laws, lasted 900 years, opinions on laws, textbook on laws and new laws *Empress Theodora – may have been actually running the show

Byzantine Empire

Constantinople

Hagia Sophia

Byzantine Empire Constantinople- center of trade- products afar (tin from England, silk from China) Hagia Sophia- church built by Justinian Hippodrome- chariot races The Plague- killed thousands Attacks- destroy empire