Chapter 9 The Sasanid Empire and the Rise of Islam, 200-1200

Baghdad Bookstore Baghdad Bookstore: With the advent of papermaking, manufacturing books became increasingly common and inexpensive. As a result, bookstores also became more common. Notice how books are shelved on their sides in wall cubicles. p244

The Sasanid Empire, 224–651 Politics and Society Centralized control Connections: Silk Road, Byzantine Empire Religion and Empire Contrast with Byzantine Zoroastrianism / Christianity State, religion and identity

Sasanid Silver Plate with Gold Decoration Sasanid Silver Plate with Gold Decoration: The Sasanid aristocracy, based in the countryside, invested part of its wealth in silver plates and vessels. This image of a Sasanid king hunting on horseback also reflects a favorite aristocratic pastime. p246

Chronology of The Arab Lands and Iran and Central Asia  empty cell The Arab Lands Iran and Central Asia 200 570-632 Life of the Prophet Muhammad 224-651 Sasanid Empire 600 634 Conquests of Iraq and Syria commence 639-642 Conquest of Egypt by Arabs 656-661 Ali caliph; first civil war 661-750 Umayyad Caliphate rules from Damascus empty cell 700 711 Berbers and Arabs invade Spain from North Africa 750 Beginning of Abbasid Caliphate 755 Umayyad state established in Spain 776-809 Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid 711 Arabs capture Sind in India 747 Abbasid revolt begins in Khurasan 800 835-892 Abbasid capital moved from Baghdad to Samarra 875 Independent Samanid state founded in Bukhara 900 909 Fatimids seize North Africa, found Shi'ite Caliphate 929 Abd al-Rahman III declares himself caliph in Cordoba 945 Shi'ite Buyids take control in Baghdad 969 Fatimids conquer Egypt 945 Buyids from northern Iran take control of Abbasid Caliphate 1000 1055 Seljuk Turks take control in Baghdad 1099 First Crusade captures Jerusalem 1171 Fall of Fatimid Egypt 1187 Saladin recaptures Jerusalem 1250 Mamluks control Egypt 1258 Mongols sack Baghdad and end Abbasid Caliphate 1260 Mamluks defeat Mongols at Ain Jalut 1036 Beginning of Turkish Seljuk rule in Khurasan This table shows the chronology of the Arab Lands and Iran and Central Asia between 200 and 1000. p247

The Origins of Islam Succession to Muhammad The Caliphate The Umayya Sunnis, Shi’ites and Kharijites

Early Expansion of Muslim Rule Map 9.1. Early Expansion of Muslim Rule: Arab conquests of the first Islamic century brought vast territory under Muslim rule, but conversion to Islam proceeded slowly. In most areas outside the Arabian peninsula, the only region where Arabic was then spoken, conversion did not accelerate until the third century after the conquest. © Cengage Learning Map 9.1 p249

The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258 The Islamic Conquests, 634–711 Syria to Spain Arab society and conquest Regular armies and minority rule

The Rise and Fall of the Caliphate, 632–1258, continued The Umayyad and Early Abbasid Caliphates, 661-850 Umayyad An Arab, not Islamic, empire Use of Byzantine/Sasanid structures Abbasid Rulership and ceremony Baghdad and Islamic culture

Political Fragmentation, 850-1050 Decline of the Abbasids Problems of control Mercenaries and Mamluks Provincial/Regional Regimes Ghana Islamic Spain Ulama Identity and scholarship

Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate Map 9.2. Rise and Fall of the Abbasid Caliphate: Though Abbasid rulers occupied the caliphal seat in Iraq from 750 to 1258,when Mongol armies destroyed Baghdad, real political power waned sharply and steadily after 850. The rival caliphates of theFatimids (909–1171) and Spanish Umayyads (929–976) were comparatively short-lived. Map 9.2 p255

Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Fustat Mosque of Ibn Tulun in Fustat. Completed in 877, this mosque symbolized Egypt becoming for the first time a quasi-independent province under its governor. The kiosk in the center of the courtyard contains fountains for washing before prayer. Before its restoration in the thirteenth century, the mosque had a spiral minaret and a door to an adjoining governor’s palace. p256

Assault from Within and Without, 1050-1258 External Pressures Seljuk Turks The Crusades Internal Deterioration Baghdad Irrigation failures/Food shortage Lack of revenue

Tomb of the Samanids in Bukhar Tomb of the Samanids in Bukhar. This early-tenth-century structure has the basic layout of a Zoroastrian fire temple: a dome on top of a cube. However, geometric ornamentation in baked brick marks it as an early masterpiece of Islamic architecture. The Samanid family achieved independence as rulers of northeastern Iran and western Central Asia in the tenth century. p257

Spanish Muslim Textile of the Twelfth Century Spanish Muslim Textile of the Twelfth Century. This fragment of woven silk, featuring peacocks and Arabic writing, is one of the finest examples of Islamic weaving. The cotton industry flourished in the early Islamic centuries, but silk remained a highly valued product. Some fabrics were treasured in Christian Europe. p258

Islamic Civilization Law and Dogma Shari’a / hadith Converts and Cities Conversion and migration Centers of learning

Islamic Civilization, continued Women and Islam No public role Some rights Property, divorce, pilgrimage The Recentering of Islam Caliphate decline New authorities Madrasas / Sufi brotherhoods Pilgrimage and identity

Women Playing Chess in Muslim Spain Women Playing Chess in Muslim Spain. As shown in this thirteenth-century miniature, women in their own quarters, without men present, wore whatever clothes and jewels they liked. Notice the henna decorating the hands of the woman in the middle. The woman on the left, probably a slave, plays an oud. p261

Islamic Glassware. Islamic Glassware. This glass bottle from Syria shows the skill of Muslim chemists and artisans in producing clear, transparent glass. The scratched decoration reflects the Muslim taste for geometric design. p264

Quran Page Printed from a Woodblock Quran Page Printed from a Woodblock. Printing from woodblocks or tin plates existed in Islamic lands between approximately 800 and 1400. Most prints were narrow amulets designed to be rolled and worn around the neck in cylindrical cases. Less valued than handwritten amulets, many prints came from Banu Sasan con men. Why block-printing had so little effect on society in general and eventually disappeared is unknown. p264

Muslim Head Coverings. Muslim Head Coverings. The man standing before a governor in this thirteenth-century miniature painting wears a simple skullcap indicating his lowsocial status. The two attendants wear turbans, but the governor’s turban is built into a high, conical shape. The folds and tails of turbans signified not only rank, but also place of origin. To this day, men from western Afghanistan wear tightly wound white turbans with long tails while men from eastern Afghanistan wear loose colorful turbans. p265