University of New Mexico Permanent volcanic gas observatories can provide key insights into eruption precursors Tobias Fischer University of New Mexico

Melt Pressure (kbar) ~ Depth (km) CO2/SO2 (molar) 10 30 8 6 15 4 2 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 CO2/SO2 (molar) mod. from: Scaillet and Pichavant, 2005

Fluid Melt (gas) Pressure (kbar) ~ Depth (km) CO2/SO2 (molar) 10 30 8 6 15 ~ Depth (km) 4 2 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 CO2/SO2 (molar) mod. from: Scaillet and Pichavant, 2005

Fluid Melt (gas) Pressure (kbar) ~ Depth (km) CO2/SO2 (molar) 10 30 8 6 15 ~ Depth (km) 4 typical volcanic gas ratios 2 5 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 CO2/SO2 (molar) mod. from: Scaillet and Pichavant, 2005

Volcanic gases are the only direct and real-time chemical probes of the magma at depth Photo: M. Zelinski

DCO – Deep Carbon Observatory MultiGAS (Aiuppa et al., 2005) Network initiated in 2012 through collaborative international team. Measures gas composition in volcanic plumes MASAYA VIllarrica Location of MultiGAS installed (by September 2014) photos from: A. Aiuppa

Permanent gas monitoring network multiGAS for CO2, SO2, H2O in plume USGS UNM (planned 2016) GNS/others map and photos modified from: A. Aiuppa

Villarrica MultiGas (Nov 2014) Open-vent persistently degassing volcano with active lava lake transition to vigorous strombolian to lava fountaining activity in February to March 2015 (after an escalation of seismicity) February – March 2015 November 2014 map and photos from: A. Aiuppa

Permanent gas monitoring network: Scanning DOAS for continuous measurements of SO2 emissions NOVAC/MultiGAS sites since 2014 from: B. Galle and S. Arellano

Permanent continuous volcanic gas monitoring is still in its infancy (compared to seismic, GPS) Technological advances are needed and costs need to decrease (sensors, isotopes, cameras, drones) Open-path FTIR 1 Hz time resolution many gas species from: Tehnuka Ilanko, UNM

Need to instrument most/all degassing volcanoes in an arc to make real science progress. Rapid response capabilities and instrument pool Integration with Satellite measurements and rapid availability of data and data streams is needed Integration with petrological and eruption data – better degassing models, thermodynamics, experiments is needed

Gas flux and composition Quantify Gas Sources Mass and Flux of Magma Gas flux and composition Petrological Data Thermodynamic Modeling Shallow Lava lake phonolitic intermediate Deep degassing basanite Iacovino (2015) for Erebus

Need to instrument all degassing volcanoes in an arc to make real science progress Integration with Satellite measurements and rapid availability of data and data streams to investigators Integration with petrological and eruption data – better degassing models, experiments Integration with deformation (local/regional)

Need to instrument all degassing volcanoes in 2004 2005-2007 2008 2009-2011 Need to instrument all degassing volcanoes in an arc to make real science progress Integration with Satellite measurements and rapid availability of data and data streams to investigators Alutu Volcano Hutchison et al. 2016 Kilauea Volcano Poland et al. 2012

Integration with seismic (local/regional) MSH node array that recorded continuously for 2 weeks, and locations of earthquakes during those 2 weeks (B. Schmandt and colleagues) Integration with seismic (local/regional) and infrasound 5 km

Thank you Masaya, Nicaragua – open vent. Lava Lake in mid 2015