Notes: Evidences of Evolution Objective 15: Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the Theory of Evolution

King Pete Came Over For Great Spaghetti Classification King Pete Came Over For Great Spaghetti

Genus and Species Binomial nomenclature: classification system used to identify organisms by their genus and species Ex:

Evolution Paleontology Fossils Stratigraphy Biogeography Convergent Divergent Comparative Morphology Vestigial organs Homologous structures Embryology Ontogeny Phylogeny Biochemistry DNA Antibiotic resistance Pesticide resistance Speciation Genetic variation Environmental Selection Isolation Evidences of Evolution: “I can identify and explain various types of evidence for evolution”

Paleontology: Fossil Types Original Form Amber Frozen Tar Petrified Organic Matter replaced by Minerals that turn to stone Casts & Molds Sedimentary rock Trace Footprints Burrows Nests

Fossil record & stratification Stratification= formation of rock layers overtime Fossils of organisms can be dated chemically or by rock layer they are found in The deeper the layer, the older the fossil

Paleontology as Evidence for Evolution Earth is millions of years old Provides physical/visual evidence of common ancestry between extinct species and modern day species Based on fossil evidence we can: Date the existence of different organisms Recreate the environment they lived in Compare anatomy to modern day organisms and see changes

Biogeography 335 million year ago our modern day continents existed as one large land mass called “Pangea”(all-land) 175 million years ago Pangea began to break apart and move across the oceans

Types of Evolution Divergent evolution= when one or more species diverge into multiple descendent species (have a common ancestor) This is speciation! Convergent evolution= when one or more species that are not related by a common ancestor become more and more similar due to similar environments Similar phenotype but different genotype

Unrelated species w/ similar morphology BioGeoGraphy Convergent Evolution Unrelated species w/ similar morphology Natural Selection due to similar environments Divergent Evolution Related species w/ different morphology Natural Selection to reduce competition Fossil Location Matching coastlines

Biogeography as Evidence for Evolution Biogeography= the study of species distributed around the world Often relies on fossil data Can study how different environments have impacted species over time Geographical isolation

Comparative Morphology Using fossil data or modern anatomical data to draw conclusion about the evolution of structure and function

Homologous Structures Same anatomy Different function Vestigial Organs Nonfunctional No purpose Remnants Examples of vestigial organs: Appendix  thought to be for digesting plants cellulose Coccyx  tailbone, once for tail/balance now serves as a point of attachment for muscles, visible in embryos but has degraded overtime Wisdom teeth  once used for grinding plant tissue, no longer necessary Ear muscles  used to be used to move ears and listen for predators, not necessary anymore Male nipple  no selection against them, but no real use

Comparative Morphology as Evidence for Evolution Can study patterns in development and compare how different or similar environments have impacted the evolution of species Vestigial structures are evidence for evolution by natural selection, they once served a purpose but no longer do Homologous structures are evidence for a shared common ancestor between widely vary species

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Embryological Development Study of embryos and the development of embryos

Embryology Common Ancestry = Shared Genes Ontogeny= study of the development of an organism Phylogeny= study of evolutionary history and relationship between organisms

Embryology as Evidence for Evolution Similar patterns of development across species indicate common ancestry/origin and shared genes At the very early stages, many different organisms look almost indistinguishable

Antibiotic Resistance Genetic mutation Selection pressure MRSA Biochemistry DNA Gene Synteny Common Ancestry Phylogeny Chromosomal Synteny 98% Humans / Chimps Antibiotic Resistance Genetic mutation Selection pressure MRSA Pesticide Resistance Genetic Mutation DDT-resistant mosquitoes

Biochemistry Gene/Chromosomal synteny = similarities between genes and chromosomes, having the same location in different organisms EX: Hox genes for body patterning

Antibiotic Resistance

Biochemistry as Evidence for Evolution Genes serve the same purpose across many different species, structure and function Genetic similarities indicate common ancestry Heredity

Evidence of Evolution Evolution Paleontology Fossils Stratigraphy Biogeography Convergent Divergent Comparative Morphology Vestigial organs Homologous structures Embryology Ontogeny Phylogeny Biochemistry DNA Antibiotic resistance Pesticide resistance Speciation Genetic variation Environmental Selection Isolation Evidence of Evolution

How did Eukaryotes evolve? Endosymbiotic theory: eukaryotic cells evolved by engulfing prokaryotic cells and they developed a mutualistic relationship Evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory: Organelles like the mitochondria and chloroplast have their own DNA and resemble prokaryotes in structure and ability

What would it take for Evolution not to occur? Random mating No choosing sexual partners Infinitely large population size Increases data points Reduces genetic drift Only sexual reproduction No binary fission, budding, vegetative propagation No migration Alleles cannot exit/enter the population No mutation No new alleles created or lost No selection No pressure to change allele frequencies

Exit-Ticket Questions: What scientific evidence supports the process of evolution? _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________ Describe the endosymbiont Theory of eukaryotic evolution. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________ ______________