The Mole 1 dozen = 12 1 gross = 144 1 ream = 500 1 mole = 6.02 x 1023 There are exactly 12 grams of carbon-12 in one mole of carbon-12.

I didn’t discover it. Its just named after me! Avogadro’s Number 6.02 x 1023 is called “Avogadro’s Number” in honor of the Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1855). I didn’t discover it. Its just named after me! Amadeo Avogadro

Calculations with Moles: Converting moles to grams How many grams of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium? 3.50 mol Li 6.9 g Li = g Li 45.1 1 mol Li

Calculations with Moles: Converting grams to moles How many moles of lithium are in 18.2 grams of lithium? 18.2 g Li 1 mol Li = mol Li 2.62 6.94 g Li

Calculations with Moles: Using Avogadro’s Number How many atoms of lithium are in 3.50 moles of lithium? 3.50 mol 6.02 x 1023 atoms = atoms 2.07 x 1024 1 mol

Calculations with Moles: Using Avogadro’s Number How many atoms of lithium are in 18.2 g of lithium? 18.2 g Li 1 mol Li 6.02 x 1023 atoms Li 6.9 g Li 1 mol Li (18.2)(6.02 x 1023)/6.9 = atoms Li 1.58 x 1024

Calculating Formula Mass Calculate the formula mass of carbon dioxide, CO2. 12.0 g + 2(16.0 g) = 44.0 g  One mole of CO2 (6.02 x 1023 molecules) has a mass of 44.0 grams

Standard Molar Volume 1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 liters of volume Equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules. - Amedeo Avogadro At STP (Standard Temperature and Pressure): 1 mole of a gas occupies 22.4 liters of volume

The Mole Highway Mass (g) Vol (L) Rep Part 6.02x1023 Rep Part Form Mass 1 mol 22.4 L 1 mol 1 mol x x x x x x 1 mol Form Mass 1 mol 22.4 L 6.02x1023 Rep Part 1 mol Mass (g) Vol (L) Rep Part

Calculations with Moles: Two-Step Problem How many atoms of lithium are in 18.2 g of lithium? 18.2 g Li 1 mol Li 6.02 x 1023 atoms Li 6.9 g Li 1 mol Li (18.2)(6.02 x 1023)/6.9 = atoms Li 1.58 x 1024

Calculating Percentage Composition Calculate the percentage composition of magnesium carbonate, MgCO3. From previous slide: 24.3 g + 12.0 g + 3(16.0 g) = 84.3 g 100.00

Formulas empirical formula = CH Empirical formula: the lowest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound. Molecular formula: the true number of atoms of each element in the formula of a compound. molecular formula = (empirical formula)n [n = integer] molecular formula = C6H6 = (CH)6 empirical formula = CH

Formulas (continued) Formulas for ionic compounds are ALWAYS empirical (lowest whole number ratio). Examples: NaCl MgCl2 Al2(SO4)3 K2CO3

Formulas (continued) Formulas for molecular compounds MIGHT be empirical (lowest whole number ratio). Molecular: H2O C6H12O6 C12H22O11 Empirical: H2O CH2O C12H22O11

Empirical Formula Determination Rules Base calculation on 100 grams of compound. Determine moles of each element in 100 grams of compound. Divide each value of moles by the smallest of the values. Multiply each number by an integer to obtain all whole numbers.

Empirical Formula Determination Example Adipic acid contains 49.32% C, 43.84% O, and 6.85% H by mass. What is the empirical formula of adipic acid?

Empirical Formula Determination (part 2) Divide each value of moles by the smallest of the values. Carbon: Hydrogen: Oxygen:

Empirical Formula Determination (part 3) Multiply each number by an integer to obtain all whole numbers. Carbon: 1.50 Hydrogen: 2.50 Oxygen: 1.00 x 2 x 2 x 2 3 5 2 Empirical formula: C3H5O2

Finding the Molecular Formula The empirical formula for adipic acid is C3H5O2. The molecular mass of adipic acid is 146 g/mol. What is the molecular formula of adipic acid? 1. Find the formula mass of C3H5O2 3(12.0 g) + 5(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 73.0 g

Finding the Molecular Formula (continued) 2. Divide the molecular mass by the mass given by the empirical formula. 3(12.0 g) + 5(1.0) + 2(16.0) = 73.0 g 3. Multiply the empirical formula by this number to get the molecular formula. (C3H5O2) x 2 = C6H10O4