MOVEMENT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

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Presentation transcript:

MOVEMENT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE CELLULAR MEMBRANE MOVEMENT THROUGH THE MEMBRANE

The Cell Theory Anton Von Leeuwenkoek Robert Hooke Developed the first microscope Robert Hooke Named the “cell” The Cell Theory states that all organisms are made up of basic living units called the cells

EUKARYOTE v PROKARYOTE A eukaryote is any organism whose cells contain a nucleus and other structures (organelles) enclosed within membranes. The prokaryotes are a group of organisms whose cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus (karyon).

Cells Are Classified by Internal Organization Eukaryotes have: Plasma membrane Nucleus: information center Cytoplasm: fluid within membrane Organelles: structures with specialized functions Prokaryotes No nucleus No true organelles

Cell Structure Reflects Cell Function Muscle cells: contain numerous organelles providing energy needed for muscle contraction Nerve cells: are long and thin to carry impulses over distance Small size is efficient

The Cell

Body Fluid Compartments EC fluid IC fluid Exchange much more selective; Why ? Interstitial fluid plasma Relatively free exchange

The Cell Membrane Fluid Mosaic Model Phospholipids Integral Proteins Peripheral Proteins Glycocalyx Glycoproteins MHC Glycolipids Cholesterol

Cell Membrane Structure: Fluid Mosaic Model Thickness ~ 8nm Cell Membrane Structure: Fluid Mosaic Model PLs Cholesterol Proteins: peripheral (associated) or integral

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qqsf_UJcfBc

Passive Transport Active Transport Diffusion Always protein-mediated Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Active Transport Always protein-mediated Primary Secondary Endocytosis Exocytosis

Diffusion: Passive Transport Through Membrane Passive transport: no energy required Diffusion: movement from area of high concentration to low Diffusion: Passive Transport Through Membrane

Three Forms of Passive Transport Passive transport is powered by the concentration gradient. In the cell it occurs as: Diffusion through lipid layer Diffusion through protein channels Facilitated transport: transport or carrier proteins in membrane assist in moving molecules across the membrane, down the concentration gradient, without expending energy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0p1ztrbXPY&feature=related

http://highered. mcgraw-hill http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__how_facilitated_diffusion_works.html

Osmosis: net diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane

Red Blood Cells in Isotonic and Hypotonic Solutions 24

Variations in Tonicity Isotonic: extracellular and intracellular ionic concentration equal Hypotonic: extracellular ionic concentration less than intracellular Hypertonic: extracellular ionic concentration more than intracellular

Active transport requires energy to move substances from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Active Transport

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CBoBewdS3U&feature=related

2° ACTIVE TRANSPORT Symport Antiport Molecules are carried in same direction Examples: Glucose and Na+ Antiport Molecules are carried in opposite direction Examples: Na+/K+ pump

Vesicular Transport Movement of macromolecules across cell membrane: Phagocytosis (specialized cells only) Macrophage or Phagocytes 2. Pinocytosis “Cell drinking” 3. Receptor mediated endocytosis Down Regulation 4. Exocytosis

Endocytosis and Exocytosis Move Materials in Bulk Endocytosis moves material into cell Exocytosis moves material out of cell

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=STzOiRqzzL4&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4gLtk8Yc1Zc&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KiLJl3NwmpU

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