Spread of Islam, Early African Societies, Mongols

Spread of Islam In 632, Muhammad died. He left no instructions on who should lead Islam or how to find a new leader. Muslims looked to carry spread the religion Finding a leader would split the Muslim world until modern day.

The “Rightly Guided Caliphs” 5) The 1st four caliphs knew Muhammad personally. 6) They are known as the “rightly guided caliphs.” 7) Abu-Bakr was the 1st caliph. 8) Bakr declares jihad against those who abandoned Islam in Arabia 9) By his death, Islam was the dominate religion in Arabia

The “Rightly Guided Caliphs” 10) Umar, the 2nd caliph, conquered Syria, lower and Egypt 11) Under Uthman & Ali, Islam had spread from the Hindus River to Tunisia.

Spreading Islam & Treatment of the Conquered 12) The Quran forbids forced conversion to Islam. 13) Christians & Jews were “people of the book” or believes in the Old Testament like Muslims. 14) Christians & Jews received special considerations in conquered lands. 15) Could still be officials, scholars & bureaucrats. 16) However, they were forbidden to spread their religion

Umayyad Empire After Uthman, the Umayyad family comes to power. Move Islamic capital to Damascus Syria Adopt a wealthy lifestyle similar to non-Muslims of the region. This practice created a conflict within Islam

Islam Splits: Sunni vs. Shi’a Many followed the leadership practices of the Umayyads; Sunni Those who resisted were called Shi’a Conflict continued and led to the downfall of the Umayyads. The most powerful family, Abbasids, take control.

Abbasid Empire The Abbasids move capital to Baghdad. Baghdad’s central location to trade routes held spread Islam. Muslim traders bring Islam into Asia and further into north Africa.

Muslim Trade Routes Muslim traders spread Islam via trade routes like the Silk Roads in Asia. Islam trading centers develop along east African coast. Swahili develops as a language mix of native African languages & Arabic.

Ibn Battuta Born in Tangiers, Morocco Left Morocco for Hajj, did not return for 24 years. Travelled the Islamic world in Asia & Africa including China, India and most of Africa Published the Rihla, an accountant of his travels. The Rihla is an eyewitness account of the spread of Islam

Ibn Sina One of the great thinkers of the Islamic Golden Age Sina’s greatest work came in the field of medicine Published the “The Canon of Medicine” a medical encyclopedia Was the standard text in the Islamic world until the 18th c. Also made advances in astronomy, geology, pyschology, math & physics.

The Great Schism During the Islamic Golden Age, Christianity splits Christianity was split along the lines of the former Roman Empire Catholics kept their capital in Rome Eastern christians, Orthodox Christians, create their own in Constantinople

The Great Schism 5) In 730 BCE, Emperor Leo III banned the use of religious icons; riots erupt in Constantinople 6) The Pope in Rome supports the banning. 7) One Byzantine emperor was excommunicated by the Pope 8) Empress Theodora restores the use of icons. 9) The split between Catholicism and Eastern Orthodox Church is called the Great Schism

Spreading Orthodox Christianity With Islam spreading, the Eastern Orthodox Church looked to expand east. Slavs near the Black Sea convert. Cyril & Methodius create Cyrillic alphabet for the Slav to read holy text. Orthodoxy spreads to Russia. The city of Kiev converts together.

Spreading Orthodox Christianity With Islam spreading, the Eastern Orthodox Church looked to expand east. Slavs near the Black Sea convert. Cyril & Methodius create Cyrillic alphabet for the Slav to read holy text. Orthodoxy spreads to Russia

The Mongols Mid 1200s Temujin unites the Mongols As leader, he accepts the name Genghis Khan Mongol horsemen learned to ride on the flat steppe region of Asia. Mongol hordes are known for their brutality

Mongols vs. Islam Khan leads the Mongols against Muslims in Asia Mongol traders murdered by Muslims Destroy one Muslim city after the next. By 1225, Central Asia under Mongol control

Genghis Khan Genghis Khans success as conqueror Brillian organizer of his men. Gifted strategist Used cruelty as a weapon -known to slaughter entire cities if they resisted invasion. 2) Creates Mongol Empire which remains after his death in 1227.

Mongol Empire Stretched from China to Poland The largest land empire in history After Genghis Khan, separate into 4 Khanates, Mongol controlled regions Ironically, Mongols were tolerant during peacetime. Some even adopted Islam. Pax Mongolica or Mongol Peace, was 100 years without war. Traders granted free passage.

Marco Polo Marco Polo, a European trader, travels to China along Silk Road Works for Kublai Khan for 17 years as official Writes travel account of China under Khan upon return to Europe. Tells of great cities and new ideas such as coal as a fuel source and spaghetti!

Fall of the Mongol Empire All four Khanates are in decline by 1400. Kubali Khan spend extensively on wars in Southeast Asia Lost many lives and depleted Mongol treasury After Khan’s death, riots and rebellion make the end of Mongol rule. In 1368, the final rebellion brings new leadership under the Ming Dynasty

The Early African Societies The early African Societies are also known as the Sudanic Kingdoms. They include Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Ghana and Mali are modern-day countries that adopt the names of these early people.

The Kingdom of Ghana The Trans-Saharan Trade brought Muslim traders into contact with the Soninke. The Soninke lived south of the Sahara and were farmers. They called their leader, Ghana, meaning war chief. The Muslims used Ghana to refer to the region of new trade.

Ghana: Gold and Salt The Kingdom of Ghana became very rich. Gold was mined from the region between the Niger and Senegal Rivers Salt deposits in the Sahara was traded. Some villages had such large salt deposits they build their homes of salt blocks.

Ghana, Islam and the Fall of Ghana By the 11th c., Ghana rulers had converted to Islam. Many of the people remained Animistic and dislike Islamic rule The Islamic Almoravids conqueror Ghana but pull back to N. Africa The disruption in gold/salt trade marked the end of the Kingdom of Ghana