Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular Eukaryotic with no cell walls Heterotrophs (consumers) ~ Characteristics ~ Multicellular Eukaryotic with no cell walls Heterotrophs (consumers)

~ Characteristics ~ Have a nervous system to respond to their environment Locomotion relates to ability to obtain food Most animals develop from a zygote becoming a A single layer of cells surrounding a fluid-filled space forming a hollow ball of cells called a gastrula.

~ Developmental Characteristics ~ The gastrula is made up of three parts: Ectoderm, a layer of cells on the outer surface of the gastrula, grows and divides developing into skin and nervous tissue. Endoderm, a layer of cells lining the inner surface of the gastrula, develops into the lining of the animal’s digestive tract. Mesoderm, made up of two layers of cells lying between the ectoderm and endoderm, forms muscles, reproductive organs and circulatory vessels.

~ Developmental Characteristics ~ Animals that develop a mouth from the indented space in the gastrula are protostomes. Animals that develop an anus from the opening in the gastrula are deuterostomes.

~ Body Plans ~ Animals that are irregular in shape are asymmetrical. Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

~ Body Plans ~ An animal has radial symmetry if it can be divided along any plane, through a central axis, into equal halves. An animal has bilateral symmetry if it can be divided down its length into similar right and left halves forming mirror images of each other.

Which figure has bilateral symmetry? Which has radial symmetry?

~ Body Plans ~ Acoelomates – animals have three cell layers with a digestive tract but no body cavities. Pseudocoelomates – animals with a fluid-filled body cavity partly lined with mesoderm. Coelomates – animals with a body cavity completely surrounded by mesoderm.

~ Protection and Support ~ Though not all animals have a skeleton, those that do can be divided into two groups: Those with an exoskeleton – a hard, waxy coating on the outside of the body that protects internal organs, provides a framework for support, and a place for muscle attachment. Those with an endoskeleton – support framework within the body that protects some organs and a brace for muscles to pull against.

~Invertebrates~ 8 main phyla No backbones 95% of all animals are in this group

Phylum Porifera Sponges Asymmetrical or Radial symmetry No organs Most are Marine Sessile filter-feeders Asexual Reproduction Fragmentation Sexual Reproduction Hermaphrodites

Phylum Cnidaria Cnidarians Ex. Hydra, Jellyfish, corals, sea anemone Radial symmetry Mostly Marine Have Nerve Cells Nematocysts – stinging tentacles 2 Body Forms: Polyp Medusa Polyp Medusa

Phylum Platyhelminthes Flatworms Bilateral Symmetry Definite Head Thin, solid body Excretory and Digestive System Oxygen by diffusion Hermaphrodites Ex. Planaria, flukes, tapeworms

Phylum Nemotoda Roundworms Bilateral symmetry Tough outer covering 2 openings Tube-like digestive system Separate sexes Ex. Nematodes, hookworms, pinworms

Phylum Mollusca Bilateral symmetry Mostly Marine 3 body parts: foot, visceral mass, mantle Have: heart; digestive, excretory, and open circulatory systems; gills Mostly separate sexes Ex. Snails(gastropods), slugs, squid(cephalopods), octopus, clams(bivalves), oysters

Phylum Annelida Segmented worms Aquatic and terrestrial 2 body openings Have nervous, digestive, excretory, and closed circulatory systems; head, nephridia Ex. Earthworms, leeches, nereis

Phylum Arthropoda Jointed appendages Bilateral symmetry Exoskeleton Separate sexes – internal fertilization in most Most diverse phyla 4 classes (next 4 slides)

Arachnids 2 body sections 2 pairs of mouth parts (chelicerae) 8 legs Ex. Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions

Crustaceans 2 pair of antennae Aquatic except for pill bug Ex. Crabs, lobster, barnacles, shrimp

Myriapods Many legs Ex. Millipedes & Centipedes

Insects 6 legs 3 body sections Ex. Grasshopper, bee, butterfly

Phylum Echinodermata Spiny skin Bilateral symmetry as larvae Radial Symmetry as adult Separate sexes Endoskeleton Marine Ex. Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars

Phylum Chordata (vertebrates) Notochord (nerve cord) No vertebrae Gill slits Ex. Sea squirts, lancelets

Phylum Chordata (Vertebrates) Have backbone (vertebrae) Dorsal nerve cord Bilateral symmetry Closed circulatory system Brain 7 classes (next 5 slides)

Fish Class Agnatha – Jawless fish Class Chondrichthyes – Cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays) Class Osteichthyes – Bony fish

Class Amphibia Amphibians Must return to water to reproduce Aquatic larvae Semi-terrestrial adult Moist habitat Ex. Frogs, salamanders

Class Reptilia Reptiles Dry, scaly skin 3-chambered heart Lays amniotic egg on land Ectotherms (body temp. depends on environment Ex. Lizards, snakes, turtles

Class Aves Birds Endotherms (Internal body heat) Feathers Hollow bones 4-chambered heart

Class Mammalia Mammals Endotherms Hair Milk produced in mammary glands Nurse young 4-chambered heart Live birth for most mammals Highly developed brains Ex. Mice, Whales, Humans