Folds, Faults and the Deformation of Earth’s Crust Cockscomb structure in Utah

What Happened to this car? Pre-crash 1984 Post-crash It was deformed (folded) because of the collision

Coincidentally, note how this car is so much more safe The car deformed like an accordion while the passenger compartment did not suffer. That is possible because the front part of the car absorbs the stress by folding.

Stress vs. Strain The force applied to some body is the stress. The changes to that body are the strain that is recorded. You work very hard lifting things. Your back is strained.

Silly Putty Silly Putty absorbs the Stress that is applied to it when it hits the floor. However, the Strain is released when it bounces away from that Stress. Silly Putty is elastic, it bounces if it were dropped on the floor.

The Slinky The Slinky is Elastic i.e. it can be stretched and stretched but it snaps back to its original length.

The 1st Type of Stress: Compression: occurs when crustal rocks are squeezed together Can reduce the volume of rocks, can push the rocks higher up or deeper down into the crust

The 2nd Type of Stress Tension: the force that pulls rocks apart Rocks that are pulled apart by tension tend to become thinner

The Final Type of Stress Shearing: pushes rocks in opposite horizontal directions These rocks bend, twist, or break apart as they slide past each other.

The Deformed Earth Plate tectonics and the movement of lithospheric plates causes the Earth’s crust to DEFORM…. “No, no, don’t look at me!!! I’m hideous!!”

Isostasy and the Mattress Test Have you ever seen the commercial for foam mattresses where they place a glass of red wine on one side and a man jumps up and down on the other side? Isostasy: the balancing of up-and-down movements of the earth’s crust.

What happened to these rocks? What evidence do you see, which caused your interpretation?

Which of the following types of tectonic forces tends to squeeze and shorten a rock body? A. compressive forces B. shearing forces C. tensional forces D. all of the above

Which of the following types of tectonic forces tends to squeeze and shorten a rock body? A. compressive forces B. shearing forces C. tensional forces D. all of the above This looks like the safe car because of how it folded

What type of forces dominate at convergent plate margins? compressive forces B. shearing forces C. tensional forces D. torsional forces

What type of forces dominate at convergent plate margins? A. compressive forces B. shearing forces C. tensional forces D. torsional forces

The San Andreas Fault is a result of what type of forces? A. compressive forces B. shearing forces C. tensional forces D. all of the above

The San Andreas Fault is a result of what type of forces? A. compressive forces B. shearing forces C. tensional forces D. all of the above

Which of the following statements best describes the behavior of rocks during deformation? A. Brittle materials deform by faulting, whereas ductile materials deform by folding. B. Brittle materials deform by folding, whereas ductile materials deform by faulting. C. Both brittle and ductile materials deform by faulting. D. Both brittle and ductile materials deform by folding.

Pressure and Temperature Which of the following statements best describes the behavior of rocks during deformation? ductile materials deform by folding T- High or Low? P- High or Low? Marble is special because it can be Brittle or Ductile depending on Pressure and Temperature Brittle materials deform by faulting T- High or Low? P- High or Low?

These are Sedimentary Rocks They must been have The principles of Original Horizontality and Superposition apply- folded But these layers are not any longer Horizontal

These Rocks were Brittle so they were fractured to form a Fault The faults were not caused by Compression Forces

These Rocks were Brittle so they were fractured to form a Fault The faults were not caused by Compression Forces The length of the rock formation is greater than the original length because of the type of fault a b The faults were caused by Tension

More FOLDED Sedimentary Rocks But HOW MUCH have they been folded? or How can one measure the angle that they have rotated from the original horizontal?

Measuring the orientation of a surface

Rocks also have a Strike and Dip Strike- the direction to which the horizontal line points

Geological Map shows the rocks exposed on surface over which you are walking

3- D View of Geological Structures Plan view i.e. the surface that one looks down to see The same formation Outcrop the view where the rocks have been vertically cut through for a new highway or natural erosion

Ductile Materials and Deformation They undergo Plastic Deformation i.e. they change shape and do not break but do not return to their original form

Combinations of Stresses

A Rift Valley formed by Extension

Fresh Scarp Face showing surface exposed by a very recent earthquake * *

Symmetrical Folds