Chapter 15 Population and urbanization Demography: The Study of Population Population Growth in Global Context Urbanization in Global Perspective Perspectives on Urbanization and the Growth of Cities Urban Problems in the United States Population and Urbanization in the Future

Population By 2015: Population of high income nations will increase by 120 million. Population of low-income nations will increase by 1.7 billion.

Migration Two types of movement: Immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency. Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere.

Theories of Population Growth The Malthusian Perspective The Marxist Perspective The Neo‑Malthusian Perspective Demographic Transition Theory

The Malthusian Perspective If left unchecked, the population would exceed the available food supply. Population would increase in a geometric progression (2, 4, 8, 16 . . . ) . The food supply would increase only by an arithmetic progression (1, 2, 3, 4 . . .).

The Marxist Perspective Using technology, food can be produced for a growing population. Overpopulation will lead to the eventual destruction of capitalism. Workers will become dissatisfied and develop class-consciousness because of shared oppression.

The Neo‑Malthusian Perspective Overpopulation and rapid population growth result in global environmental problems. People should be encouraging zero population growth.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage 1: Preindustrial Societies - little population growth, high birth rates offset by high death rates. Stage 2: Early Industrialization - significant population growth, birth rates are relatively high, death rates decline.

Demographic Transition Theory Stage 3: Advanced Industrialization and Urbanization - very little population growth occurs, birth rates and death rates are low. Stage 4: Postindustrialization - birth rates decline as more women are employed and raising children becomes more costly.

World Population in the Future The world population is increasing about 1.8% per year. Since many women are of childbearing age, replacement fertility results in more births than deaths. Demographic shifts contribute to a reduction in fertility rates and population growth.

Development of a City Three preconditions are required: A favorable physical environment. An advanced technology that could produce a social surplus. A well-developed political system to provide social stability to the economic system.

Gender Regimes in Cities Different cities have different gender regimes: How women and men should think, feel, and act. How access to positions and control of resources should be managed. How women and men should relate to each other.

Simmel's View of City Life Urban life is stimulating; it shapes people's thoughts and actions. Many urban residents avoid emotional involvement with each other and try to ignore events taking place around them. Urban living can be liberating - people have opportunities for individualism and autonomy.

Gans's Urban Villagers Five categories of urban dwellers: Cosmopolites are students, artists, writers, musicians, and professionals who live in the city to be close to its cultural facilities. Unmarried people and childless couples live in the city to be close to work and entertainment.

Gans's Urban Villagers Ethnic villagers live in ethnically segregated neighborhoods. The deprived are poor people with dim future prospects. The trapped are downwardly mobile persons, older persons, and addicts who cannot escape the city.

Suburbs Since World War II, the U.S. population has shifted as people moved to the suburbs. Suburbanites rely on urban centers for employment but pay property taxes to suburban governments and school districts.