M7.1 RABOSA EARTHQUAKE 1:15 PM; September 19, 2017 Epicenter 125 km (75 miles south and east of Mexico City); 51 km (31 miles) deep lecture by Walter Hays Uploading date: September 24, 2017 More lectures at Disasters Supercourse - http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/disasters/BADisasterSupercourse.htm PPT original - http://www.pitt.edu/~super7/55011-56001/55741.ppt Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, Vienna, Virginia, USA

THE SEPTEMBER 19, 2017 MAGNITUDE 7 THE SEPTEMBER 19, 2017 MAGNITUDE 7.1 RABOSA EARTHQUAKE CAUSED A DISASTER IN MEXICO

MEXICO

EARTHQUAKES DEFINE PLATE BOUNDARIES: PACIFIC AND COCOS PLATES AFFECT MEXICO

M7.1 RABOSA QUAKE

EPICENTER LOCATED NEAR PUEBLA

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Information in this file is based on knowledge and experiences shared by the USGS and Mexican ministries, universities, and officials with neighboring countries and others.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT: All photographs of damage are used for educational purposes only without any financial benefit of any kind to anyone.

Mexico has a long historical record of damaging earthquakes

FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE

CAUSE OF MEXICO’s SEISMICITY The interaction of the Cocos and North American plates is the main causative factor for the seismicity of Mexico.

CAUSE OF BUILDING DAMAGE IN MEXICO CITY The soft sediments of the old lake bed zone in Mexico city---now the foundation of many tall buildings--- amplifies ground motion in the 2.0 second period band---the fundamental period of many of the tall buildings.

PERIOD-DEPENDENT AMPLIFICATION IN MEXICO CITY’s LAKE BED AONE

EARLY REPORTS (SEPT. 19-20 data subject to change) COLLAPSED/PANCAKED BUILDINGS IN MEXICO CITY’s LAKE BED ZONE OFFICES, SCHOOLS, HOMES, HOSPITALS DAMAGED 21 SCHOOL CHILDREN KILLED IN COLLAPSED ENRIQUE REBSAMEN SCHOOL; OTHERS MISSING. AT LEAST 225 DEATHS

EXAMPLE OF PANCAKED BUILDING

LATER REPORTS (SEPT. 21 data subject to change) Nearly 5 million homes, businesses and other facilities lost electricity, including 40 percent of homes in Mexico City. The earthquake tore gas mains and sparked fires across the city and other towns in central Mexico .

EARLY REPORTS (Subject to change) THOUSANDS RUSHED OUTSIDE DAMAGED BUILDINGS; LATER SLEPT OUTSIDE TO AVOID BEING TRAPPED AFTER AFTERSHOCKS INSTANTANEOUS SEARCH AND RESCUE ROADS AND BRIDGES DAMAGED AIRPORT CLOSED

MEXICO CITY: OFFICE BUILDINGS EVACUATED

DAMAGE TO ROAD

INSTANTANEOUS SEARCH AND RESCUE

INSTANTANEOUS SEARCH AND RESCUE

INSTANTANEOUS SEARCH AND RESCUE

MEXICO CITY: ENRIQUE REBSAMEN SCHOOL COLLAPSED

ONE OF MORE THAN 70 RESCUES

ONE OF MORE THAN 70 RESCUES

MEXICO CITY HOSPITAL: TREATING PATIENTS OUTSIDE

SEPT. 23, 2017: WAY BEYOND THE GOLDEN 48 HOURS FOR S & R AT LEAST 305 CONFIRMED DEATHS; MANY BELIEVED TO BE BURIED UNDER THE RUBBLE “ZERO PROBABILITY” OF FINDING ANYONE STILL ALIVE UNDER THE RUBBLE RECOVERY PHASE IS NEXT

ELEMENTS OF RISK AND DISASTER

ELEMENTS OF EARTHQUAKE RISK HAZARDS EXPOSURE RISK VULNERABILITY LOCATION

SEISMICITY TECTONIC SETTING & FAULTS EARTHQUAKE HAZARD MODEL

FAULTS: COCOS PLATE SUBDUCTION ZONE

IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS LOCATION OF STRUCTURE IMPORTANCE AND VALUE OF STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS EXPOSURE MODEL

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (the potential disaster agents) FAULT RUPTURE, GROUND SHAKING, SOIL AMPLIFICATION, GROUND FAILURE (LIQUEFACTION, LANDSLIDES), AFTERSHOCKS

TSUNAMI FAULT RUPTURE TECTONIC DEFORMATION DAMAGE/LOSS FOUNDATION FAILURE EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE/ LOSS SITE AMPLIFICATION DAMAGE/ LOSS GROUND SHAKING LIQUEFACTION DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS LANDSLIDES DAMAGE/ LOSS AFTERSHOCKS DAMAGE/ LOSS SEICHE DAMAGE/ LOSS

GROUND SHAKING

GTOUND SHAKING HAZARD

QUALITY OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION ADEQUACY OF LATERAL-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM VULNERABILITY MODEL

UNREINFORCED MASONRY, BRICK OR STONE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH UNREINFORCED WALLS CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS HAVE DIFFERENT VULNERABILITIES TO GROUND SHAKING 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 MEAN DAMAGE RATIO, % OF REPLACEMENT VALUE REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH REINFORCEDWALLS STEEL FRAME ALL METAL & WOOD FRAME V VI VII VIII IX INTENSITY

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING CAUSES OF DAMAGE INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING SOIL AMPLIFICATION IN OLD LAKE BED ZONE PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN EARTHQUAKES “DISASTER LABORATORIES” FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON-STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

THE ALTERNATIVE TO AN EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IS EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE

EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS INVENTORY VULNERABILITY LOCATION EARTHQUAKE RISK ACCEPTABLE RISK UNACCEPTABLE RISK RISK EARTHQUAKE DISASTER RESILIENCE DATA BASES AND INFORMATION MEXICO’S COMMUNITIES PREPAREDNESS PROTECTION FORECASTS/SCENARIOS EMERGENCY RESPONSE RECOVERY and RECONSTRUCTION POLICY OPTIONS HAZARDS: GROUND SHAKING GROUND FAILURE SURFACE FAULTING TECTONIC DEFORMATION TSUNAMI RUN UP AFTERSHOCKS