AP Biology Macroevolution Part 1

Apoptosis “Programmed Cell Death… it’s in the DNA.”

Pattern Formation

Positional Information

Speciation Pathways Anagenesis Cladogenesis

Species Male and Female Blue Footed Boobies

Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic barriers Prezygotic barriers impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating does occur Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation Individuals of different species Mating attempt Fertilization HABITAT ISOLATION TEMPORAL ISOLATION BEHAVIORAL ISOLATION MECHANICAL ISOLATION GAMETIC ISOLATION Postzygotic barriers prevent a hybrid zygote from developing into a viable, fertile adult Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown Viable, fertile offspring Fertilization REDUCED HYBRID VIABILITY REDUCED HYBRID FERTILITY HYBRID BREAKDOWN

Ecological Species concept Tertiary consumers Microorganisms and other detritivores Secondary consumers Primary consumers Detritus Primary producers Heat Key Chemical cycling Sun Energy flow

Phylogenetic Species concept Percent of Amino Acids That Are Identical to the Amino Acids in a Human Hemoglobin Polypeptide Species Human 100% Rhesus monkey 95% Mouse 87% Chicken 69% Frog 54% Lamprey 14%