SPS9. Students will investigate the properties of waves. a. Recognize that all waves transfer energy. b. Relate frequency and wavelength to the energy of different types of electromagnetic waves and mechanical waves. c. Compare and contrast the characteristics of electromagnetic and mechanical (sound) waves. d. Investigate the phenomena of reflection, refraction, interference, and diffraction. e. Relate the speed of sound to different mediums. f. Explain the Doppler Effect in terms of everyday interactions

Waves Waves carry energy Mechanical (sound): require a medium (solid, liquid, gas) to travel through Electromagnetic: do not require a medium to travel through (space)

Electromagnetic Spectrum! Radio Micro Infrared Visible (ROYGBIV) Ultra Xrays Gamma

Frequency The number of wavelengths per second passing a point (measured in hertz). More frequency more energy *As the Frequency increases; wavelength decreases

Amplitude The displacement of a wave from its resting point (equilibrium) More amplitude more energy

Speed of a wave Velocity: m/s Frequency: Hertz (Hz) Wavelength: (m)

Speed of Sound Waves Generally travel slowest through gasses, faster through liquids, and fastest through solids

Wave Behavior Reflection: The bouncing back of energy waves Refraction: the bending of waves after going through a new medium Diffraction: Spreading of waves after going through a small opening Interference: Constructive: produces a wave greater than each of the individual waves Destructive: Joining of two waves cancels out all or part of the individual waves

Doppler Effect The deceptive change in frequency of waves Wave source moves towards you, frequency (or pitch) increases Wave source moves away from you, frequency (or pitch) decreases

SPS10. Students will investigate the properties of electricity and magnetism. a. Investigate static electricity in terms of: friction, induction, conduction b. Explain the flow of electrons in terms of alternating and direct current, the relationship among voltage, resistance and current, simple series and parallel circuits. c. Investigate applications of magnetism and/or its relationship to the movement of electrical charge as it relates to electromagnets, simple motors, permanent magnets

Parallel vs. Series Circuits Parallel: circuit in which electric current has more than one path to follow Series: Circuit in which electric current has only one path to follow

Conductors, Insulators, Semiconductors Conductors: electrons move easily Insulators: electrons are not able to move easily Semiconductors: conductivity properties between that of a conductor and that of an insulator

AC vs. DC Current Alternating Current: Electric current that reverses its direction of flow Direct Current: Electric current that flows in only one direction (batteries)

Ohm’s Law V = I x R V = voltage (volts) I = current (amps) R = resistance (ohms) As resistance increases current decreases

Electromagnets Temporary magnet made by wrapping a wire coil around an iron core (nail) -More wraps = stronger magnet

Static Electricity The build up of excess electric charge on an object Opposites Attract Likes Repel

Flashcard VOCAB Words SPS9 Words SPS10 Words Mechanical Wave Electromagnetic Wave Frequency Amplitude Speed of a wave (equation) Reflection Refraction Interference (constructive and destructive) Diffraction Doppler Effect Parallel Circuit Series Circuit AC Current DC Current Ohm’s Law Electromagnets Static Electricity Conductor Insulator Semiconductor