Psychological Disorders Chapter 14 Psychological Disorders

Chapter 14 Preview The Nature of Psychological Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders

Chapter 14 Preview Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenic Disorders Personality Disorders

Chapter 14 Preview Psychological Disorders of Childhood The Stigma of Mental Illness Recapping Main Points

Nature of Psychological Disorders Psychopathological functioning Involves disruptions in emotional, behavioral, or thought process that leads to personal distress or blocks ability to achieve important goals

The Nature of Psychological Disorders Abnormal psychology Area of psychological investigation most directly concerned with understanding nature of pathologies of mind, mood, and behavior

Deciding What is Abnormal Normal or Abnormal? Distress or Disability Maladaptiveness Irrationality Unpredictability Unconventionality and Statistical Rarity Observer Discomfort Violation of Moral and Ideal Standards

Problem of Objectivity “The decision to declare someone psychologically disordered or abnormal is always a judgment about behavior.” “Evidence” used to justify slavery David Rosenhan Donald Szasz

Classifying Psychological Disorders Psychological diagnosis Common shorthand language Understanding of causality Treatment plan

Classifying Psychological Disorders Historical Perspectives on Classification Emil Krapelin Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) DSM-IV-TR

Classifying Psychological Disorders Axis I – Clinical Disorders Axis II – Personality Disorders, Mental Retardation Axis III – General Medical Conditions Axis IV – Psychosocial and Environmental Problems (Psychosocial Stressors) Axis V – Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF Scale) DSM-IV (1994) and DSM-IV-TR (2000)

Comorbidity What is comorbidity? Experience of more than one disorder at same time

Classifying Psychological Disorders Neurotic Disorders Psychotic Disorders Insanity Evolution of Diagnostic Categories

Etiology of Psychopathology Biological Approaches Assume that psychological disturbances are directly attributable to underlying biological factors Psychological Approaches Focus causal role of psychological or social factors in development of psychopathology Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive Sociocultural

Stop and check! Do you have “medical students’ disease”? (HINT: Check page 393 of your text for more information)

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Anxiety Disorders Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Panic Disorder Agoraphobia Phobias Social Phobia Specific Phobia Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Individual feels anxious and worried most of the time without specific threat or danger Panic Disorder Unexpected, severe panic attacks Agoraphobia Extreme fear of being in public places from which escape may be difficult Phobias Persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity, or situation Social Phobia Arises in anticipation of a public situation Specific Phobia Occurs in response to specific types of objects or situations

Critical Thinking in Your Life How do disorders enter the DSM? Why do the definitions of disorders include clusters of symptoms? Why does improved diagnosis often allow improved treatment?

Anxiety Disorders: Types Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions recurrent thoughts, images, or impulses Compulsions repetitive, purposeful acts performed according to certain rules or rituals

Anxiety Disorders: Types Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Persistent re-experiencing of traumatic events Causes: War, combat, crime, disaster Symptoms: Severe life disruption

Causes of Anxiety Disorders Biological Psychodynamic Behavioral Cognitive

Causes of Mood Disorders Biological Preparedness hypothesis Imaging techniques Family and twin studies

Causes of Mood Disorders Psychodynamic Underlying psychic conflict Displaced anxiety

Causes of Mood Disorders Behavioral Reinforcement or conditioning

Causes of Mood Disorders Cognitive Distorted perceptual processes or attitudes Anxiety sensitivity Cognitive biases

Mood Disorders Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder Bipolar Disorder Manic Episode Major Depressive Disorder Intense feeling of depression over an extended time Bipolar Disorder Alternating periods of depression and mania Manic Episode Extreme elation, euphoria, grandiose thoughts or feelings

Causes of Mood Disorders Biological Brain states Genetics

Causes of Mood Disorders Psychodynamic Unconscious conflicts Hostile feelings Self-reproach and anger

Causes of Mood Disorders Behavioral Positive reinforcement Punishment

Causes of Mood Disorders Cognitive Negative cognitive sets Aaron Beck: Cognitive triad of depression Martin Seligman: Learned helplessness

Gender Differences in Depression Mood Disorders Susan Nolen-Hoeksema Women: Ruminative style increases vulnerability to depression Gender Differences in Depression

Gender Differences in Rumination Figure 14.2, page 401

Suicide Mood Disorders Youth suicide not spur of moment Feelings of hopelessness and isolation Negative self-concepts Higher risk for gays and lesbians Suicide

Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Physical illness or complaints that cannot be fully explained by actual medical conditions Somatoform Disorders

Personality Disorders Preoccupation with having or getting physical ailment despite reassurance of health Hypochondriasis

Psychology in Your Life How can we pinpoint interactions of nature and nurture? Can you answer the above question and provide an example from your own life?

Personality Disorders Longstanding pattern of irresponsible or unlawful behavior that violates social norms Antisocial Personality Disorder

Personality Disorders Great instability and intensity in personal relationships; generally result from controlling anger Borderline Personality Disorder

Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Disturbance in integration of identity, memory, or consciousness Dissociative Disorders

Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Hypochondriasis Somatization disorder Conversion disorder Somatoform Disorders Hypochondriasis Belief in physical illness despite reassurances of health from medical practitioners Somatization disorder Long history of unexplained physical complaints Conversion disorder Loss of motor or sensory function that cannot be explained by damage to nervous system or other physical damage

Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Amnesia Inability to remember personal experiences Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Two or more distinct personalities Cases of “Sybil,” “Three Faces of Eve

Schizophrenic Disorders Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought Schizophrenic Disorder Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought Hallucinations False perceptions Delusions False or irrational beliefs

Schizophrenic Disorders Hallucinations Delusions Schizophrenic Disorder Breakdown of integrated personality functioning, withdrawal from reality, emotional distortions, disturbed thought Hallucinations False perceptions Delusions False or irrational beliefs

Types of Schizophrenia Disorganized Type Catatonic Type Paranoid Type Undifferentiated Type Residual Type

Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia

Causes of Schizophrenia Genetic Approaches Diathesis-Stress Hypothesis Brain Function and Biological Markers Family Interaction as Environmental Stressor

Psychological Disorders of Childhood Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Degree of inattention not consistent with level of development Signs of hyperactivity-impulsivity Signs of hyperactivity-impulsivity (squirming, fidgeting, and excessive talking or blurting out answers and interrupting) that is not consistent with developmental level

Psychological Disorders of Childhood Autistic disorder Severe disruption in ability to form social bonds

Stigma of Mental Illness Negative reaction to individual or group because of some assumed inferiority

Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points Deciding what is abnormal Problem of objectivity Classifying psychological disorders Etiology of psychopathology The Nature of Psychological Disorders

Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points Generalized Anxiety Disorders Panic Disorders Phobias Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders Posttraumatic Stress disorders Causes of Anxiety Disorders Anxiety Disorders

Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points Major Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorder Causes of Mood Disorders Gender Differences in Depression Suicide Mood Disorders Borderline Personality Disorder Antisocial Personality Disorder Personality Disorders

Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points Somatoform Disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatoform and Dissociative Disorders Major Types of Schizophrenia Causes of Schizophrenia Schizophrenic Disorders

Recapping Chapter 14 Main Points Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Autistic Disorder Psychological Disorders of Childhood The Stigma of Mental Illness