Cl H H C Electrophiles and Nucleophiles An electrophile is a molecule that is attracted to electrons in another molecule and will accept electron pairs A nucleophile is a molecule donates an electron pair to an electrophile, forming a chemical bond Cl H electrophile C H nucleophile

Alkanes can also undergo halogenation reactions Reactions of alkanes One of the most common reactions of alkanes is combustion CH3CH2CH3 + 5 O2 → 4 CO2 + 6 H2O If the reaction takes place in an environment with insufficient oxygen, CO will be made as well CH3CH2CH3 + 4 O2 → CO2 + 2CO + 4 H2O Alkanes can also undergo halogenation reactions + HCl 43% + Cl2 57% + HCl

Other hydrocarbons can give even more different products 27% 14% + HCl + HCl + Cl2 36% 23% + HCl + HCl

Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution as well Reactions of alkenes Alkenes commonly undergo electrophilic addition reactions electrophile - Cl Cl H H H3C CH3 + H3C C C CH3 C C H3C H H3C H nucleophile The electrophile adds across the double bond Aromatic compounds can undergo electrophilic substitution as well

HNO3 H2SO4 heat Toluene 2-Nitrotoluene H2SO4 HNO3 Heat! HNO3 H2SO4 HEAT!! 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene 2,4-Dinitrotoluene

We can add organic groups to the aromatic ring by Friedel Crafts alkylation + + HBr Adding different organic groups to the ring of different aromatic molecules can lead to a series of multifunctional compounds

H H3C CH2 O O CH2 H CH3 Reactions of alcohols Alcohols can undergo condensation reactions to form ethers H+ + heat + H H H3C CH2 O O CH2 H CH3

Alcohols can be oxidized to carboxylic acids H2CrO4 + H2O Acetaldehyde Ethanol H2CrO4 Acetic acid The process can be stopped at the aldehyde and the acetaldehyde can be isolated

+ Reactions of carboxylic acids Carboxylic acids can condense with alcohols to form esters + Acetic acid Ethanol + H2O Ethyl acetate

+ + Synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid Acetic Anhydride Salicylic Acid Acetic Acid Acetylsalicylic Acid