AGENDA News paper articles Review Written Assignment Q & A Lecture on various drugs from Chapter One.

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Presentation transcript:

AGENDA News paper articles Review Written Assignment Q & A Lecture on various drugs from Chapter One

Major Types of Commonly Abused Drugs Six types of major drugs in use: Prescription Drugs Over the counter Recreation Drugs (coffee, tea, alcohol) Illicit Drugs Herbal Commercial (paints, glues, etc)

Examples of ILLICIT DRUGS Stimulants (Cocaine, Methamphetamines etc) Hallucinogens (Ecstasy, PCP, Mushrooms) Depressants (Quaaludes, Valium) Opioids (Heroin) Cannabis

Similar effects as amphetamines and cocaine Stimulants BATH SALTS Designer drug containing substituted cathinone Similar effects as amphetamines and cocaine

Stimulants cont’d

Hallucinogens/Psychedelics

Depressants These drugs depress the CNS (Central Nervous System) Relieve boredom, stress, and anxiety Barbiturates, Valium, Quaaludes, Rohypnol (roofies)

Depressants cont’d

Alcohol Alcohol is a depressant that mainly affects the CNS Known as a gateway drug, ethanol is a colorless, volatile, and pungent liquid resulting from fermented grains, berries, and other fruits and vegetables Alcohol is a depressant that mainly affects the CNS

Nicotine Also a gateway drug. Very addictive, colorless, highly volatile liquid alkaloid found in all tobacco products Long-term use of tobacco products can lead to several different chronic respiratory ailments and cancers

Nicotine Cigarette smoke is a complex mixture of chemical compounds which are created by the burning of tobacco leaves. Cigarette smoke includes tar and 4,000 other chemicals, including 43 substances that cause cancer. Others include gases, such as carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide interferes with the blood's ability to carry oxygen to the body's tissues. However, addiction to smoking is caused by another substance called nicotine.

Nicotine

Tobacco

Cannabis Marijuana and Hashish Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. Cannabis Sativa and Indica plants

Synthetic Cannabis K-2/Spice- Genericized trademarks as “legal herbs” K2 contains synthetic cannabinoids that affect the body in similar fashion as marijuana.

Figure 01.HN01: Here and Now: Current Use of Spice/K2

Steroids

Anabolic Steroids Steroids are a synthetic form of a the male hormone testosterone. They are often used to increase muscle size and strength Medically, steroids are used to increase body tissue or to treat allergies.

Inhalants

Inhalants Organic Solvents Are also considered gateway drugs and very attracted/popular to preteens and younger teenagers Gasoline, model airplane glue, paint thinner Generally, things around the house or garage

Narcotics/Opiates Opium, morphine, codeine, Demerol From opium, we get what???

Heroin

Opium What is Opium? Opium is a naturally occurring substance found in the seeds of the opium poppy. Opium, which contains morphine, is extracted from the poppy seeds and used to produce heroin. Heroin is an illegal, highly addictive drug and its use is a serious problem in America. It is both the most abused and the most rapidly acting of the opiates.

Designer Drugs/ Synthetic Drugs Innovations in technology have produced new categories known as designer drugs/synthetic drugs or synthetic opioids MDMA, known as “Ecstasy” Designer drug is a term used to describe drugs which are created (or marketed, if they had already existed) to get around existing drug laws, usually by modifying the molecular structures of existing drugs to varying degrees,

Designer Drugs Cont’d These relatively new types of drugs are developed by people who seek to circumvent the illegality of a drug by modifying the drug into a new compound.

Overview of Drugs in Society Many people think that problems with drugs are unique to this era. However, drug use and abuse have always been a part of nearly all, past and present Egypt Evidence of wine only appeared as a finished product in Egyptian pictographs around 4000 BC China The earliest evidence of alcohol in China are wine jars from Jiahu which date to about 7000 BC. This early drink was produced by fermenting rice, honey, and fruit.

Drug Misuse Drug misuse is the unintentional or inappropriate use of prescribed or over-the-counter (OTC) types of drugs. © Photos.com

Six Examples of Drug Misuse Taking more drugs than prescribed Using OTC or psychoactive drugs in excess without medical supervision Mixing drugs with alcohol or other types of drugs

Six Examples of Drug Misuse Cont’d 4. Using old medicines to self-treat new symptoms of an illness 5. Discontinuing prescribed drugs at will and/or against physician’s orders 6. Administering prescribed drugs to a family member without medical consultation and supervision

Dimensions of Drug Abuse Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity, or convenience. Drug abuse refers to a more intense misuse of drugs—often to the point of addiction. Also known as chemical or substance abuse.

Three Types of Drug Users Experimenters 1st category of drug users Begin using drugs largely because of peer pressure and curiosity, and they confine their use to recreational settings Compulsive users 2nd category of drug users Devote considerable time and energy into getting high, talk incessantly (sometimes exclusively) about drug use, and become connoisseurs of street drugs Floaters or “chippers” Focus more on using other people’s drugs without maintaining as much of a personal supply

Figure 01.CP01: Case in Point: Ignoring the Signs of Drug Abuse: A Hard Lesson Learned

Media Influence on Drug Use The alcohol industry spends more than $1 billion on yearly advertising. The advertising budget for Budweiser beer exceeds the entire budget for research on alcoholism and alcohol abusers. Alcohol companies spent $4.9 billion on television advertising between 2001 and 2005. Since the “Friends Don’t Let Friends Drive Drunk” Ad Council campaign began, 79% of Americans have stopped a friend from getting behind the wheel while intoxicated.

Why Are People So Attracted to Drugs? People use drugs as a means to temporarily: Experience pleasure or heighten good feelings Relieve stress, tension, or anxiety Forget one’s problems and avoid or postpone worries Relax after a tension-filled day of work Fit in with peers or as a rite of passage Enhance religious or mystical experiences Relieve pain and some symptoms of illness

When Does Use Lead to Abuse? The amount of drug taken does not necessarily determine abuse. The motive for taking the drug is the most important factor in determining presence of abuse. Initial drug abuse symptoms include: Excessive use Constant preoccupation about the availability and supply of the drug Refusal to admit excessive use Reliance on the drug

Drug Dependence Both physical and psychological factors precipitate Physical dependence refers to the need to continue taking the drug to avoid withdrawal symptoms, which often include feelings of discomfort and illness. Psychological dependence refers to the need that a user may feel for continued use of a drug in order to experience its effects and/or relieve withdrawal symptoms.

Figure 01.08: Stages of drug dependence

Stages of Drug Dependence Relief—satisfaction from negative feelings in using the drug Increased use—involves taking greater quantities of the drug Preoccupation—consists of a constant concern with the substance Dependency—a synonym for addiction, is when more of the drug is sought despite the presence of physical symptoms Withdrawal—the physical and/or psychological effects from not using the drug

Costs of Drug Use to Society Illness Shortened lifespan Broken home Fetal alcohol syndrome Criminal behavior Drugs in the workplace Cost of Assistance programs (e.g., Employee Assistance Programs [EAP’s]) What else caused $$ to society??

Drugs, crime, and violence There are two views: Criminal behavior develops as a means to support addiction Criminality is inherently linked to the user’s personality and occurs independently of drug use

Drugs, crime, and violence Cont’d Does drug addiction cause a person to engage in criminal behavior such as burglaries, theft etc. to pay for their drug use? Or does criminal behavior stem from an already existing criminal personality (Answers to these questions have never been clear)

Figure 01.T05: Percentage of State and Federal Inmates Reporting Being Under the Influence of Drugs at the Time of Their Offense: 2004

Drug Cartels Large, highly sophisticated organizations composed of multiple drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) and cells with specific assignments such as drug transportation, security/enforcement, or money laundering Drug Trafficking Organizations (DTOs)

Drug Testing Used to identify those who may be using drugs Urine, blood screening, or hair analysis Duration of Detection /“Cut-Off” Levels Urine Analysis: Amphetamines—24–72 hours Cocaine/Metabolite—24–72 hours Opiates—24–72 hours PCP—24–96 hours THC/Metabolite—24 hours–3 weeks (depends on frequency of use) Note: Hair analysis 1 to 3 months for all drugs listed above

Drug Testing (continued) Approximately 70% of large companies test for drug use; 50% of medium companies and 22% of small companies drug test. Over 90% use urine analysis, less than 20% use blood analysis, and less than 3% use hair analysis. Most drug using youth do not cease drug use when they begin working. Almost done 

Holistic Self-Awareness Approach Holistic philosophy that advocates that the mind, body, and spirit work best when they are drug-free

Holistic Self-Awareness Approach Defines as, emphasizes that non-medical and often recreational drug use interferes with the healthy balance among the: MIND BODY SPIRIT

The End