Muscular System

Muscular System Over 600 muscles 45% of body weight is muscles

Characteristics a. Excitability – respond to stimuli Usually the stimulus is electrical or chemical

Characteristics b. Contractility - shorten

Characteristics c. Extensibility – be stretched or extended

Characteristics d. Elasticity – recoil and resume length

Functions a. Provides movement

Functions b. Maintains posture

Functions c. Stabilizes joints

Functions d. Generates heat

3 main types of muscle tissue

a. Skeletal muscle – move your skeleton Voluntary muscle – we consciously control them Striated – has narrow bands Each cell has many nuclei

b. Smooth muscle – found in internal organs Involuntary muscle – don’t consciously control them Not striated – no narrow bands Each cell only has one nucleus

C. Cardiac Muscle – found only in the heart Involuntary muscle Striated and branched Each cell has only one nucleus

35. Skeletal muscle anatomy A. Muscle – organ made of several tissues a. Surrounded by epimysium sheath

Skeletal muscle anatomy B. Fascicle – portion of the muscle a. Surrounded by perimysium sheath

Skeletal muscle anatomy C. Muscle fiber – single, multinucleated cell a. Surrounded by endomysium sheath

Cross section of muscle fibers

Muscle fibers

Muscle fibers b. Sarcolemma – cell membrane c. Sarcoplasm – muscle cytoplasm d. Nucleus - many

Muscle fibers e. Myoglobin – red pigment that stores oxygen f. Mitochondria – lots for energy g. Myofibrils – organelle made of bundles of myofilaments

Myofibrils a. Responsible for contraction b. 2 myofilaments Actin – thin one Myosin – thick one

10,000 or more along each myofibril c. Sarcomeres – functional unit of contraction, area between 2 z-lines 10,000 or more along each myofibril

Myofibril d. I-band – light region, actin only e. A-band – dark region, myosin only f. H-zone – center of A-band, both actin and myosin g. Z-line – dark zigzag line in center of I-band

Sliding Filament Theory a. Actin filaments slide past myosin b. Z lines get closer together c. Sarcomere shortens-neither actin or myosin get shorter. http://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=sliding+filament+theory&aq=0

Movement A. Tendons – attach muscle to bone a. Tendons pull on bones and make them work like levers

Puppet on a String

Movement B. Contracting – shortening and fattening of muscle cells C. Relaxing – returning back to beginning length D. Muscles can only pull; they cannot push

Movement E. Most muscles work in pairs This provides movement in two directions When one muscle contracts, the other relaxes

Movement F. Flexor – the muscle that bends a joint G. Extensor – the muscle that straightens a joint

Movement H. triggered by electrical impulses through nerve cells

Movement I. A sodium solution is released which causes the filaments to lock (contract) J. To unlock, calcium solution is released to relax the fibers as you propel forwards. Nerve cell attaches to the sarcomere of each muscle fiber

Muscle Size Who has more muscles?

Muscle Size A. The number of muscle fibers (cells) doesn’t change they just get larger because more myofibrils are added to the cells

B. Hypertrophy - increase in number and size of myofibrils

C. Atrophy - decrease in size due to lack of use If you don’t use it, it will shut down!

Muscle fibers and Exercise A. Two types of fibers: a. Slow-twitch - endurance b. Fast-twitch - explosive Those that want to build up fast-twitch or slow twitch fibers need to look at the exercise that will help them

Anaerobic Exercise a. Use fast-twitch fibers b. Requires brief, high energy expenditure Weightlifting – high weight, low reps Sprinting c. Depletes oxygen quickly d. Excess lactic acid, turn to glucose

e. Builds the big muscles

Aerobic Exercise a. Use slow-twitch fibers b. Prolonged and constant energy Weightlifting – low weight, high reps Long distance running, cycling c. Uses same oxygen that is received d. No lactic acid

e. Leans and tones the muscles

Body building D. a form of body modification involving intense muscle hypertrophy 1867-1925 Eugen Sandow, the "Father of Modern Bodybuilding"

a. Testosterone – hormone that stimulates hypertrophy Do girls have it? Yes, boys produce 10-20 times more than girls

b. Steroid - synthetic testosterone hormone to artificially build muscle