Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY

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Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY Module 1 The History and Scope of Psychology

What is Psychology? Psychology the science of mental processes (not the current definition)

History of Psychology Socrates (469 – 399 B.C.) & Plato Mind is separable from body Knowledge is innate (used logic)

History of Psychology Aristotle (335 B.C.) (used observation) Knowledge is not innate, comes from experience The mind is inseparable from the body The heart is the seat of mental processes

History of Psychology Rene Descartes (1595 – 1650 A. D.) Interactive dualism or the “mind-body problem”

History of Psychology John Locke (1632 – 1704 A.D.) The mind at birth is a blank slate (tabula rasa) on which experience writes.

History of Psychology Wilhelm Wundt – 1879 “birth of psychology” Laboratory in Leipzig, Germany Studied simple reaction time

Early Schools of Thought Structuralism (Edward Tichener) Purpose: find the structure of mind or consciousness Method: introspection

Early Schools of Thought Functionalism – William James What is the purpose or function of the behavior? Influenced by Darwin & adaptation

Behaviorism Psychology – the science of behavior (1920 – 1960) John B. Watson Behavior is anything an organism does that can be observed and recorded

Current Psychology 1960s – psychology recaptured interest in mental processes (internal experiences) Studied how minds capture and process information Psychology is now the science of behavior and mental processes.

Contemporary Psychology 500,000 psychologists worldwide 130,000 European organizations 160,000 American APA members Union of Psychological Science has 69 member nations 2002 – two-thirds of new psychology Ph.D.’s went to women

What is Psychology? Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Neuroscience How the body and brain create emotions, memories, and sensory experiences Evolutionary How nature selects traits that promote the perpetuation of one’s genes Behavior How much our genes, and our environment, influence our genetics individual differences Psychodynamic How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts Behavioral How we learn observable responses Cognitive How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information Social-cultural How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

What is Psychology? Basic Research Applied Research pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base Applied Research scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

What is Psychology? Clinical Psychology Psychiatry a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Psychiatry a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatment as well as psychological therapy