Royal Thai Army Roles of mosquito vectors, bats, and swine in the epidemiology of emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases Akina Sukasem, 2LT Kanokporn Kanthavichit, Korakot Chairatnikorn, Pichaya Phataisit, Sonthaya Tiawsirisup

BACKGROUND Emerging and re-emerging diseases - The most important of global significance Mostly zoonosis At least 66 species of virus were found in bats Bats become an important reservoir Mosquitoes are an important vector in both human and animal infection

Emerging and re-emerging virus Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) West Nile virus (WNV) Nipah virus Dengue virus Chikungunya virus www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/187839.php english.ytpo.net Visuals Unlimited, Inc./Scientifica/C. S. Goldsmith, P. E. Rollin rationaldiscoveryblog.com/post/25916209075/dengue-virus fineartamerica.com/products/2-chikungunya-virus-capsid-science-photo-library-poster.html

Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) Important cause of encephalitis in humans Esp. under 15 years of age Culex plays important role as a vector The outbreak mostly occurs in rainy season There are more than 30,000 cases reported in Asia (Lobigs, 2012) In Thailand; from 101 cases in 2011 to 144 cases in 2014 (Tipsriraj, 2015)

Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmission Cycle Amplifying host Japanese Encephalitis Virus Transmission Cycle Dead end host because they produce low viraemia levels over a limited timeframe that are insufficient to infect feeding mosquitoes Dead-end host

Distribution of Japanese Encephalitis Virus http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/japanese-encephalitis.htm

West Nile Virus (WNV) WNV was first isolated in Uganda in 1937 WNV can be found worldwide, especially in Africa continent West Nile virus can cause a fatal neurological disease in humans Human and horse are dead-end host and Culex play important role as a vector

West Nile Virus Transmission Cycle http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2012/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/westnilevirus.htm

Distribution of West Nile Virus Gubler D J Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1039-1046

The purposes of this project To study the roles of mosquito as a vector in virus transmission cycle from bat to swine in Panatnikom, Chonburi To study the amount and species of mosquito found in Panatnikom, Chonburi To detect JEV and WNV in mosquito for surveillance and control the emerging and re-emerging diseases

Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR Material and method Sample collection Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA Extraction Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR

Sample collection Sample collection date: from Using CDC-light trap with dry ice (source of CO2) Place the trap on the tree overnight and collect it in the morning Sample collection date: from August 2011 to October 2012

Map of Chonburi Blue : Pig farm Red : Bat habitat

Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR Material and method Sample collection Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA Extraction Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR

Mosquitoes identification Culex Mansonia Armigeres Anopheles Aedes Courtesy of Dr. Sonthaya Tiawsirisup

Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR Material and method Sample collection Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA Extraction Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR

Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR Material and method Sample collection Mosquitoes counting and identification Viral RNA Extraction Viral RNA detection by RT-PCR

Result The dominant species of the collected mosquitoes Culex tritaeniorrhynchus : 65.40% Culex gelidus : 27.14% Mansonia uniformis : 4.03% The mosquitoes abundant were high in August 2011, October and July 2012 The mosquitoes abundant were low in January and April 2012

Chart shows the amount of mosquitoes in each month of sample collection 1 : Bat habitat 2 : Pig farm

Flavivirus NOT found RT-PCR RESULTS Sample Ladder Negative Positive 1 2 203 bp  Flavivirus NOT found

Conclusion and discussion Result were negative because of This area may not be the risk area for Flavivirus or virus is to less to detect Low level of virus antigen titer as same as the study of West Nile Virus in Aedes. No antigen titer was found after mosquitoes fed on chicken blood with WNV titer < 105.0 PFU/ml (Tiawsirisup, 2008) Duration of viremia is only ten days (Leake et al., 1986)

Conclusion and discussion Further study Surveillance in other mosquitoes population Detection of antigen or/and immune response in pigs Detection of antigen or/and immune response in bats

Acknowledgements Parasitology Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University. Center of Excellence Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University. Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University.

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