An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict The Roaring 20’s An era of prosperity, Republican power, and conflict

1920's collectively known as the "Roaring 20's", or the "Jazz Age" period of great change in American Society - modern America is born at this time for first time the census reflected an urban society - people had moved into cities to enjoy a higher standard of living

Age of Prosperity Economic expansion Mass Production Assembly Line Age of the Automobile Ailing Agriculture…

an agricultural depression in early 1920's contributed to urban migration U.S. farmers lost markets in postwar Europe Farm efficiency increased producing more food with fewer laborers (more food = lower prices) Farmers made less $, and bankers called in their loans (farms repossessed) So American farmers enter the Depression in advance of the rest of society

Black Americans in this period continued to live in poverty sharecropping kept them in de facto slavery 1915 - boll weevil wiped out the cotton crop white landowners went bankrupt & forced blacks off their land

Great Migration Blacks moved north to take advantage of booming wartime industry (Great Migration) - Black ghettoes began to form, i.e. Harlem within these ghettoes (ethnic neighborhood) a distinct Black culture flourished But both blacks and whites wanted cultural interchange restricted

Black Nationalism Marcus Garvey (Jamaican born immigrant) established the Universal Negro Improvement Association promoted Black pride advocated racial segregation b/c of Black superiority Garvey believed Blacks should return to Africa he purchased a ship to start the Black Star line attracted many investors: gov't charged him with fraud he was found guilty and eventually deported to Jamaica, but his organization continued to exist

Republican Power President Harding Elected 1920 Legacy of Scandals “Teapot Dome” Died in office

President Coolidge “The business of America is business.” Fordney-McCumber Tariff Smoot-Hawley Tariff No help for farmers Foreign Policy

Consumer Economy

Culture of the Roaring 20’s Radio KDKA Pittsburgh GE, Westinghouse,& RCA form NBC Silent Movies Charlie Chaplin “Talkies” The Jazz Singer Starring Al Jolson Mary Pickford “America’s Sweetheart”

Celebrities Babe Ruth &Ty Cobb Charles Lindbergh The Spirit of St. Louis Jack Dempsey

The 20’s is The Jazz Age The Flappers Writers Musicians make up cigarettes short skirts Writers F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemingway Musicians Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington

Changing Role of Women 1920 - 19th Amendment gave women the federal vote women worked outside the home (led to more independence) more women went to college and clamoured to join the professions women didn't want to sacrifice wartime gains - amounted to a social revolt characterized by the FLAPPER "new woman" (bobbed hair, short dresses, smoked in public...)

A Society in Conflict Xenophobia: Sacco-Vanzetti Trial National Origins Act Discrimination Sacco-Vanzetti Trial Italian immigrants Unfair trial

Nativism and Xenophobia New immigrants: originating from Southern & Eastern Europe different religious beliefs appeared: Jewish, Orthodox Christian, Catholic Old immigrants: originating from Northern and Western Europe in 19c. feared this shift and felt it would undermine Protestant values this fear was known as NATIVISM: wanted Congress to pass a quota system that favored Northern Europeans over S and E Europe Xenophobia: fear of immigrants (from SE Europe) led to a sentiment known as the Red Scare (fear of communism post-Bolshevik Revolution) basic communism advocates a int'l revolution by the proletariat/workers. - feared this ideology could find its way into the U.S.

Pres. Wilson was recovering from a stroke Attorney General, A. Mitchell Palmer, wanted to run for the presidency (he used fear of immigrants and communism to his advantage) he had J. Edgar Hoover round up suspected radicals, many of which were deported (Palmer Raids)

The Ku Klux Klan In power Great increase Anti-black Anti-immigrant Anti-Semitic Anti-Catholic Anti-women’s suffrage Anti-bootleggers

High School Biology teacher Scopes “Monkey” Trial Evolution vs. Creationism Science vs. Religion Famous Lawyers Dayton, Tennessee John Scopes High School Biology teacher

Prohibition Volstead Act untouchables Gangsters 18th Amendment Al Capone

PROHIBITION - on manufacture and sale of alcohol (Not consumption) 18th AMENDMENT (adopted in 1919, begins January 1920) During WWI, temperance became a patriotic movement: a. Beer used grains needed for food b. drunkenness caused inefficiency & low productivity difficult law to enforce... organized crime, speakeasies, bootleggers were on the rise Al Capone virtually controlled Chicago in this period Prohibition finally ended in 1933 with the 21st Amendment forced organized crime to pursue other interests…