Science Starter List some properties that you already know about acids and bases.

Introduction to Acids and Bases Arbor Prep Chemistry

Properties of Acids “Any compound that increases the concentration of hydronium ions in water is said to be an acid.” Sour Blue litmus paper turns red. Low pH values (<7) Reacts with… Metals such as Zn and Mg to produce H2(g) Hydroxide bases to produce water and a salt. Carbonates to produce carbon dioxide.

Properties of Bases “Any compound that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in water is said to be a base. Bitter/caustic tasting Slippery/soapy feeling Red litmus paper turns blue. Has the ability to neutralize acids. High pH values (>7)

Arrhenius Acids and Bases Arrhenius Acids and Bases are the most basic definitions of acids and bases. They are commonly accepted. An Arrhenius Acid is a chemical compounds that increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in water. (H+) An Arrhenius Base is a chemical compounds that increases the concentration of hydroxide ions in water. (OH-)

Lewis Definition UNIVERSAL Definition since everything has electrons. Lewis Acids are electron pair acceptors. Lewis Bases are electron pair donors.

Acid/Base Pairs Acid base reactions produce new acids and bases. The new ones are called “conjugates” Acids lose protons to become conjugate bases. Bases gain protons to become conjugate acids. Identify the acids, bases, and the pairs.

Every Acid Has a Conjugate Base. (Just like every rose has it’s thorn

Identify the Acid/Base Pairs HC2H3O2(aq) + H2O(l)  C2H3O2–(aq) + H3O+(aq) OH –(aq) + HCO3–(aq)  CO32–(aq) + H2O(l)

(image provided by NASA) Sulfuric Acid Highest volume production of any chemical in the U.S. Used in the production of paper Used in production of fertilizers Used in petroleum refining Thick clouds of sulfuric acid are a feature of the atmosphere of Venus. (image provided by NASA)

Nitric Acid Used in the production of fertilizers Used in the production of explosives Nitric acid is a volatile acid – its reactive components evaporate easily Stains proteins (including skin!)

Hydrochloric Acid Used in the pickling of steel Used to purify magnesium from sea water Part of gastric juice, it aids in the digestion of protein Sold commercially as “Muriatic acid”

Phosphoric Acid A flavoring agent in sodas Used in the manufacture of detergents Used in the manufacture of fertilizers Not a common laboratory reagent

Acetic Acid Used in the manufacture of plastics Used in making pharmaceuticals Acetic acid is the acid present in vinegar

Acids are Proton Donors Monoprotic acids HCl HC2H3O2 HNO3 Triprotic acids H3PO4 Diprotic acids H2SO4 H2CO3

Electrolytes ELECTROLYTES CONDUCT ELECTRICITY!!! Electrolytes are ionic compounds in solution. They can be classified as either strong or weak(good conductors of electricity or poor). Strong Electrolytes Ionize/dissociate 100%. Strong acids/bases Most ionic salts Strong Electrolytes Ionize/dissociate < 100%. Insoluble Salts ELECTROLYTES CONDUCT ELECTRICITY!!!

Acids You Should Know Strong Acids Weak Acids Sulfuric acid, H2SO4 Phosphoric acid, H3PO4 Hydrochloric acid, HCl Acetic acid, HC2H3O2 Nitric acid, HNO3

Electrolytes and Ionization Whenever a neutral atom or compound becomes charged is called “ionization.” A common example is the hydronium ion. When an acid is added to water. The neutral water becomes a charged particle. A hydronium ion is sometimes represented as H+ or H3O+.

Strong Acids vs. Weak Acids Strong acids are assumed to be 100% ionized in solution (good proton donors). HCl H2SO4 HNO3

Strong Acids vs. Weak Acids Weak acids are usually less than 5% ionized in solution (poor proton donors). H3PO4 HC2H3O2 Organic acids

Acids React With… Acids react with active metals to form salts and hydrogen gas. Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2(g) Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2(g) Mg + H2SO4  MgSO4 + H2(g)

Acids React with Carbonates 2HC2H3O2 + Na2CO3 2 NaC2H3O2 + H2O + CO2

Effects of Acid Rain on Marble (Calcium Carbonate) George Washington: BEFORE George Washington: AFTER

Acids Neutralize Bases Neutralization reactions ALWAYS produce a salt and water. HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O H2SO4 + 2NaOH  Na2SO4 + 2H2O 2HNO3 + Mg(OH)2  Mg(NO3)2 + 2H2O

Bases Neutralize Acids Milk of Magnesia contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, which neutralizes stomach acid, HCl. 2 HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2 H2O

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