Bellringer: 3/6 and 3/7 1. Pick up the papers by the door. 2. Add these page numbers to your ToC: Page 112: Notes – Middle Ages in Europe Page 113: Map: Charlemagne’s Europe 3. Write down your HW: Read pgs. 335 (start at “Europe in the High Middle Ages”) to 337 (stop at “New World of Trade & Cities”) in DUIKER textbook

Agenda: 3/15 and 3/16 1. Bellringer 2. Comparative Paragraph: World Religions 3. Notes: Intro to the Middle Ages 4. Map: Europe in the Middle Ages (p. 315)

THE MIDDLE AGES IN Europe

General Characteristics of the Middle Ages: Dates: 500s-1500s CE After Classical civilizations of Greece/Rome and before the Renaissance Three phases: 1. Early Middle Ages (The “Dark Ages”) – 500s to 1000 CE 2. High Middle Ages – 1000 to 1300 CE 3. Late Middle Ages – 1300 to 1500 CE Only 1 church in Western Europe  Catholicism Politics and society typified by feudalism Everybody in society = has a role and a purpose Eventually ends because of: Scientific Revolution, Renaissance, printing press, etc. Ends because of…Scientific, information, cultural/colonialism/social, religious., etc revolution The Printing Press 1450 Columbus’ Discovery of America 1492 Luther’s initiation of the Protestant Reformation (97 Thesis) 1517 Copernicus: figured out that if we assume the sun is the center of the solar system/planets, rather than the earth, everything becomes simple. He dedicated it to the Pope. Canon Power Constantinople fell in 1453 to the Ottoman Turks RAPID CHANGE

Geography of the Middle Ages

Middle Ages began w/ fall of Rome in the West While the Eastern half rose as Byzantine Empire Early medieval society blended the classical heritage of Rome, Christian beliefs, and the customs of Germanic tribes. The Roman Catholic Church had a very large influence on Medieval Europe.

Huns Germanic Tribes

Geography of the Middle Ages: Western Roman Empire  taken over by Germanic tribes Includes: Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, etc. Becomes the German states, eventually united under the Holy Roman Empire Think modern-day countries of France, Spain, Italy, Germany, England, etc.

Osthrogoths, Visigoths, Frankish Kingdoms, Burgundians, etc.

Religion of the Middle Ages

Religion of the Middle Ages: Roman Catholic Church = only religion in Europe during the Middle Ages Influence left over from Roman Empire Catholic Church = a unifier in Europe In face of chaos and danger  Church is a stable force, provides security to the people Clovis becomes a political and religious leader in the Middle Ages Church = center of education Often provides the only route for education for men in Europe at the time Happens at monasteries People turned to church for order and security. Germanic people called the Franks were led by Clovis, who converted to Christianity. The Church adapts to the rural conditions of Western Europe. The Church built religious communities called monasteries.

Achievements of the Middle Ages

Achievements of the Middle Ages: Intellectual Achievements: Calligraphy (fancy scripts used by monks in writings) Creation of monasteries Educated many men as administrators for kings and lords within the feudal system Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman knowledge Illumination: Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied. Calligraphy: Fancy script used by monks. Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

Some Important Cultural Changes: Flowering of Poetry About Courtly Love: Troubadours (professional singers) sang of courtliness, brave deeds, and Romantic love accompanied by a harp or lute. Courtly love poetry praised an idealized, distant, unattainable lady love (e.g. Beatrice in Dante’s Divine Comedy) Artificial passion with strict rules. Stories of unrequited love and heroic knights

Achievements of the Middle Ages: Architecture: Will vary depending upon which “phase” of the Middle Ages a building was constructed Examples: Castles Churches Rose window Illumination: Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied. Calligraphy: Fancy script used by monks. Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

Romanesque Architecture: Prevalent during 9th-12th century Rounded Arches Barrel Vaults Thick walls Darker, simplistic interiors Small windows usually at the top of the wall Circular Rose Window usually on the West Side

Gothic Architecture: prevalent in W. Europe from 12th – 15th Cen. C.E. Pointed arches High, narrow vaults Thinner walls Flying buttresses Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors Stained-glass windows Everything reaches up towards Heaven

Rose Window The basic round rose window was developed as part of the Romanesque period but developed further and was used in Gothic Architecture. Notice the Romanesque style top left versus the Gothic style bottom left (from the cathedral of Notre Dame). Intricate stone tracery is used in the Gothic style. Gothic rose window = more elaborate than Romanesque

ARCHITECTURE: Castles Originally built from wood, easily destroyed Materials changed to stone with higher, thicker walls

Politics/Government of the Middle Ages

Politics/Government of the Middle Ages: “Barbarian” invasion leads to the fall of Roman Empire Leads to creation of Germanic States  Holy Roman Empire (emperor in charge) Political structure on a local level = feudalism Illumination: Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied. Calligraphy: Fancy script used by monks. Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

Politics/Government of the Middle Ages: Rise of the Franks at the Battle of Tours Franks: A Germanic tribe Eventually defeat Muslim forces at the Battle of Tours (led by Charles Martel) in 732 Muslim loss at Tours: Stops Muslim incursion into Europe Makes Franks the most powerful Germanic tribe in Europe Illumination: Decorative borders on manuscripts the monks copied. Calligraphy: Fancy script used by monks. Monastaries produced many well-educated men prepared to serve as administrators for uneducated kings and lords.

Charlemagne Became the Frankish king in 768 The greatest leader of the Franks His armies conquered lands across Europe and spread Christianity. Charles Martel stopped the Muslim advance from Spain. They tried to invade France and he drove them back into Spain.

Charlemagne 1) Crowned Emperor by Pope Leo III on December 25, 800. “Emperor of the Romans” or as historians call it, “Holy Roman Emperor” Gave the Church political power Church held power over kings Start of the Carolingian Empire (800-888) 2) Known as “Father of Europe” United most of Western Europe During his ruling the West experiences some stability. This signified the Pope’s authority over the Emperor Wanted to go back to the days of Rome and Leo wanted to show his blessing over moving back to the “ideal days.” Left the church with more power because it wanted to exercise it’s moral authority and have authority over kings.

Charlemagne’s capital, Aachen, in Germany.

Politics on a More Local Level Feudalism is used on a local level regarding politics This signified the Pope’s authority over the Emperor Wanted to go back to the days of Rome and Leo wanted to show his blessing over moving back to the “ideal days.” Left the church with more power because it wanted to exercise it’s moral authority and have authority over kings.

Economics of the Middle Ages

Manors: The Economic Side of Feudalism The manor was the lord’s estate. The manor system was an economic arrangement between a lord and his serfs. The lord would provide serfs with housing, strips of farmland, and protection from bandits. In return, the serfs tended the lord’s lands, cared for his animals, and performed other tasks to maintain the estate.

Society of the Middle Ages

Society of the Middle Ages: Feudalism = political and social structure in the Middle Ages This means there is definite class divisions

Tenets of Society during the Middle Ages: Subservience to God’s church Church played a big role—birth, baptism Belief that great cathedrals should be erected Belief in God, heaven, and hell All actions had consequences (good life led to a good experience in heaven).