Chapter 8 The High and Late Middle Ages 1050-1450 Section 3 The Crusades and the Wider World Section 4 Learning and Culture Flourish Section 5 A Time of Crisis

The World in 1030 Religion of Islam stretched from Spain to India Hindu and Buddhist traditions flourished The Tang and Song dynasties build Asian culture Mayan peoples started to flourish Byzantine empire was extremely prosperous Turks started to invade the Byzantine Empire Seljuk’s took over most of the Holy Land

The Crusades Called to War Fighting a Losing Battle Pope Urban called for Christian Knights to go to war Wanted the Holy land freed Urban hoped the war would lessen inner turmoil in the church In 1145 a second crusade was formed but failed Captured Jerusalem in 1099 Massacred Jews and Muslims living there Crusades continued for over 200 years In 1187 the Muslims retook Jerusalem A third crusade was unsuccessful in retaking Jerusalem Eventually a treaty was reached to allow Christian pilgrims to travel to their Holy Land

The Impact of the Crusades European Economies Expand Effects on Monarchs and the Church Left a hatred between Christians and Muslims Saladin united all Muslim regimes to fight against the Christians Crusaders brought fabrics, spices and perfumes back to Europe Merchants started to build large fleets to carry goods Encourage and new economic system Monarchs gained more power Monarchs taxed the citizens in order to pay for the crusades Church grew strong for a short period of time Popes started to fight amongst themselves

The Impact of the Crusades A Wider Worldview Evolves Europeans start to explore new cultures In 1271, Marco Polo went to China and wrote about culture Europeans had been cut off from the rest of the world since the fall of Rome but the crusades helped broaden their horizons

The Reconquista Christians Conquer Spain Spain Expels Non-Christians Drive to push Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula In 1085 they captured Toledo In 1140 the Christian kingdom of Portugal developed By 1300 the Christians controlled the entire Iberian Peninsula Ferdinand and Isabella finally conquered Grenada in 1492 Isabella wanted a united Spain Inquisition started and prosecuted non-Christians 150,000 non-Christians fled Spain

Medieval Universities Emerge The Need for Educated People Grows Less need for hands on workers Church wanted better educated clergy Wealthy families wanted their children educated to get high positions in the church By the 1100s schools started to train clergy Some evolved into the first universities Run like guilds Had standards for training In the 900s a medical school opened up in Salerno, Italy Bologna opened a law school in 1158

Medieval Universities Emerge Student Life Women and Education Few comforts offered by Universities 5am prayer bell Attend class until 10am Ate at 10am Had class until 5pm Classes held in rented rooms Students had to memorize lectures Seven subjects covered Arithmetic Geometry Astronomy Music Grammar Rhetoric Logic Took oral exams Were not allowed to attend universities Could not get higher positions in workforce Some received education in convents Some nuns became scholars and writers Educated women were seen as oddities

Europeans Acquire “New” Learning Muslim Scholarship Advances Knowledge Christian Scholars Struggle with New Ideas Translated the works of Aristotle and other thinkers These texts spread through the world and were translated into many languages Initiated a revolution of learning in Europe Aristotle’s Natural law theory threatened churches Introduced Scholasticism, using reasoning to support Christian beliefs Thomas Aquinas conclude that faith and reason exist in harmony in her work, Summa Theologica

Europeans Acquire “New” Learning New Approaches to Science and Mathematics Scientific work translated and made it to Europe Christian’s studied Hippocrates’ work on medicine Study Euclid’s geometry Science did not make progress until the Middle Ages

Medieval Literature Heroic Epics Captivate Dante’s Divine Comedy Written traditions Song of Roland, written around 1100, praises a knight named Roland Written in the early 1300s Journey into hell and purgatory Also describes heaven Goes on a journey discussing how historical figures ended up in hell

Art and Architecture From Romanesque to Gothic Making Art in Stone and Glass In 1000 solid stone churches Vaulted ceilings Gothic style developed in 1140 Buttresses-Stone supports were built on the outside of the church Walls were higher and thinner Large stained glass windows Stonemasons developed sculptures Sculptures looked like animals, plants dragons, etc. Also started stained-glass mosaics

Art & Architecture Altarpieces decorated the churches Symbolized Christian beliefs Illumination started in the 1300s-1400s-these were books with paintings in them Tapestries were made to decorate castles

The Black Death: A Global Epidemic The Plague Spreads from Asia 1 in 3 Europeans died Bubonic plague Spread throughout Europe Mongols set off a new epidemic when conquering Asia Fleas that jumped from infested rats caused the plague Rats world travel by ship 35 million Chinese died

The Black Death: A Global Epidemic Normal Life Breaks Down The Economy Suffers Caused terror and bewilderment Some saw it as God’s punishment Some blamed the Jews Caused economy to suffer Inflation plagued Europe Caused many revolts Took over 100 years for Europe to recover

Upheaval in the Church The Church Splits Responding to New Heresies Many priests and monks died in the plague Strong leadership wasn’t provided by the church Pope Clement V moved papal court to Avignon, France in 1309 In 1309 a Roman Pope was elected and caused the church to split A compromise was reached in 1417 a one pope was elected to serve in Rome Church changed Much corruption in the churches John Wycliffe insisted the Bible was the source of Christianity Wycliffe started the Hussites Hussites were crushed in 1415

The Hundred Years’ War The English Win Victories England v France for control of the English Channel Won string of early victories Used new weapons like the longbow

The Hundred Years’ War Joan of Arc Fights for France In 1429 Joan of Arc approached the King of France and told him she was sent by God to save France The king was desperate enough to have her lead the army against the English Led French to several victories in one year Taken captive by allies of the English She was turned over to the English Tried for witchcraft Burned at the stake Declared a Saint by the church Seen as a martyr Attacked English castles with the new cannon

The Hundred Years’ War Impact of the Hundred Years’ War French kings expanded power Parliament became powerful in England Castles and knights disappeared Society changed The population after the Black Death Increased trade

Series of wars between Christians and Muslims Vocabulary The Crusades Series of wars between Christians and Muslims Reconquista Reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula Ferdinand and Isabella First leaders of unified Spain Inquisition A church court set up to try people accused of heresy Scholasticism Using reason to support Christian beliefs Thomas Aquinas Wrote Summa Ideologica, famous scholar Vernacular Everyday language of normal people Dante Allighieri Author Divine Comedy Gothic Style New style of architecture for churches Geoffrey Chaucer English writer of The Canterbury Tales

Vocabulary Flying Buttresses Stone Supports Illumination Decoration of books Black Death Bubonic plague, swept through the world in the 1100s Epidemic Outbreak or rapid growth of a disease Inflation Rising prices Schism A split Longbow Bow and arrow type weapon