Environmental Pollution and Control

POLLUTION is the introduction by man into the environment of contaminants that contains harmful substances

types of pollution are: Different types of pollution are: AIR POLLUTION WATER POLLUTION NOISE POLLUTION MARINE POLLUTION SOIL POLLUTION THERMAL POLLUTION SOLID WASTE POLLUTION NUCLEAR POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION Air pollution is the modification of the natural characteristics of the atmosphere by a chemical, particulate matter, or biological agent. The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the Earth's ecosystems.

I Breathe What?

Chemicals

Exhaust

Pollen

Dirt

Dust Storms

How does dirt get in your house? Windows Doors Air Conditioning Pets You!

Facts About Breathing You breath about 22,000 -26000 times a day (16-18 breaths per minute) That is about 150 full bathtubs of air We breath in over a billion small particles a day (1,000,000,000) The average house collects about 2 pounds of dust a week

Health Effects of CO

Health Effects of Nitrogen Oxides Short-term exposure at concentrations greater than 3 parts per million (ppm) can measurably decrease lung function. Concentrations less than 3 ppm can irritate lungs. Concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm cause lung irritation and measurable decreases in lung function in asthmatics. Long-term lower level exposures can destroy lung tissue, leading to emphysema. Children may also be especially sensitive to the effects of nitrogen oxides.

Other Effects Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations. Effects include: Bleaching or killing plant tissue. Causing leaves to fall. Reducing growth rate. Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes. Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides). Reduce visibility.

Other Effects (Continued) Oxides of nitrogen, in the presence of sunlight, can also react with hydrocarbons, forming photochemical oxidants or smog. Also, NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation, which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.

Sulfur Dioxide Ninety-five percent of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a heavy, colorless gas with an odor like a struck match. This gas combines easily with water vapor, forming aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a colorless, mildly corrosive liquid. This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air, forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric acid (H2SO4).

Other sulfur-containing compounds Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas - rotten eggs. Mercaptans - skunk spray or decayed garbage. (Added in trace amounts to natural gas, providing a leak-detecting warning odor.) Note: The amount of SO2 released from coal fired power plants depends on the sulfur content of coal, normally 0.7% to 2% by weight. High sulfur coal sometimes contains as much as 6% sulfur by weight. In India, sulfur content is quite low.

Health Effects of Sulfur Oxides Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor, it can irritate the respiratory system. Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow, making breathing difficult. Children, the elderly, those with chronic lung disease, and asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects.

Sulfur dioxide can also: Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people. Impair the respiratory system's defenses against foreign particles and bacteria, when exposed to concentrations less than 6 ppm for longer time periods. Apparently enhance the harmful effects of ozone. (Combinations of the two gases at concentrations occasionally found in the ambient air appear to increase airway resistance to breathing.)

Sulfur dioxide tends to have more toxic effects when acidic pollutants, liquid or solid aerosols, and particulates are also present. (In the past, thousands of excess deaths occurred in areas where SO2 concentrations exceeded 1 ppm for a few days and other pollutants were also high.) Effects are more pronounced among mouth breathers, e.g., people who are exercising or who have head colds. These effects include: Health problems, such as episodes of bronchitis requiring hospitalization associated with lower-level acid concentrations. Self-reported respiratory conditions, such as chronic cough and difficult breathing, associated with acid aerosol concentrations. (Asthmatic individuals are especially susceptible to these effects. The elderly and those with chronic respiratory conditions may also be affected at lower concentrations than the general population.) Increased respiratory tract infections, associated with longer term, lower-level exposures to SO2 and acid aerosols. Subjective symptoms, such as headaches and nausea, in the absence of pathological abnormalities, due to long-term exposure.

Sulfur oxides Effects on Plants Sulfur dioxide easily injures many plant species and varieties, both native and cultivated. Some of the most sensitive plants include various commercially valuable pines, legumes, red and black oaks, white ash, alfalfa and blackberry. The effects include: Visible injury to the most sensitive plants at exposures as low as 0.12 ppm for 8 hours. Visible injury to many other plant types of intermediate sensitivity at exposures of 0.30 ppm for 8 hours. Positive benefits from low levels, in a very few species growing on sulfur deficient soils.

Other Effects Increases in sulfur dioxide concentrations accelerate the corrosion of metals, probably through the formation of acids. (SO2 is a major precursor to acidic deposition.) Sulfur oxides may also damage stone and masonry, paint, various fibers, paper, leather, and electrical components. Increased SO2 also contributes to impaired visibility. Particulate sulfate, much of which is derived from sulfur dioxide emissions, is a major component of the complex total suspended particulate mixture.

Health Effects of Ozone Ozone acts as a powerful respiratory irritant at the levels frequently found in most of the nation's urban areas during summer months. Ozone exposure may lead to: Shortness of breath. Chest pain when inhaling deeply. Wheezing and coughing. Long-term, repeated exposure to high levels of ozone may lead to large reductions in lung function, inflammation of the lung lining, and increased respiratory discomfort.

Bhopal Gas Tragedy 29

Preview Amongst the worst Industrail Disasters of its time. Occurrence: 3rd December 1984. Place of occurrence: Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India. Company: Union Carbide Corporation. Chemical: Methyl Isocyanate (27 tons)

Among the 500,000 people exposed to the gas, 20,000 have died till date and 120,000 continue to suffer devastating health effects as a result of their exposure.

Union Carbide Corporation Bhopal Scenario Union Carbide Corporation

Union Carbide Corporation Started in 1969 in bhopal Phosgene, Monomethlyamine, Methyl Isocyanate (MIC) and the pesticide Carbaryl, also known as Sevin. Taken over by DOW Chemicals in 2001. DOW refused Union Carbide’s Liabilities in Bhopal, India.

Toxic Materials in Soil and Water

Gas Vent Scrubber Stack

Effects on Human Health Respiratory Disorders – Irritation to the lungs, causing coughing and/or shortness of breathing. Higher exposure caused build up of fluids (pulmonary edema). Caused Asthama. Cancer Hazard – Caused mutation (genetic changes). It caused cancer. Reproductive Hazard – Association between exposure to Methyl Isocyanate and miscarriages. It may damage the growing fetus.May also affect fertility in men and women. Traces of many toxins were found in the Brest Milk of mothers and were inturn transmitted to the recepient babies.

Animal Slaughter

Over to you Aniket…

Methyl Isocyanate Physical and Chemical Characteristics Methyl Isocyanate (C2H3NO) Liquid form Volatile Colourless Strong, sharp odour Flash Point – -7oC Molecular weight: 57.05 daltons Boiling point (760 mm Hg): 102ºF (39.1ºC) Freezing point: -49ºF Vapor pressure: 348 mm Hg at 68ºF (20ºC) Vapor density: 1.42 (air = 1.00) Water solubility: Reactive 6.7% at 68ºF (20ºC) Flammability: Highly flammable Flammable Range: 5.3% to 26% (concentration in air)

Reason for Citation Methyl Isocyanate is on the Hazardous Substances List and is regulated by OSHA and cited by ACGIH, DOT, EPA and others. Is on the Special Health Hazard Substance List because it is flammable and reactive.

Emergency Information Hazard Rating NJDHSS NFPA Flammability Reactivity - 3 2 Flammable and Reactive Poison Inhalation Hazard Do not use water Poisionous Gases are produced in fire Containers may explode in fire Hazard Rating Key: 0-minimal, 1-slight, 2-moderate, 3-serious, 4-severe

Chemicals Dumped by Union Carbide in Bhopal S.No Chemical Amount Use in factory Nature of original pollution 1 Methylene Chloride 100 MT Solvent Air 2 Methanol 50 MT 3 Ortho-idichlorobenzene 500 MT Air, Water, Soil 4 Carbon tetrachloride 5 Chloroform 300 MT 6 Tri methylamine Catalyst 7 Chloro benzyl chloride 10 MT Ingredient 8 Mono chloro toluene 9 Toluene 20 MT 10 Aldicarb 2 MT Product 11 Carbaryl 12 Benzene Hexachloride 5 MT 13 Mercury 1 MT Water, Soil 14 Mono methyl amine 25 MT 15 Chlorine 16 Phosgene 17 Hydro chloric acid Air, Soil 18 Chloro sulphonic acid 19 Alpha Naphthol * 20 Napthalin 21 Chemical waste Tar Waste 22 Methyl Isocyanate

Dumping of Hazardous Material

Toxic Materials in Soil and Water Benzene, oxybis 7, 890 Dichlorobenzenes 87,500 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons 2,340 Phthalates 9,940 Trichlorobenzenes 9,410 Trimethyl Trianzintrione 24,470 1-Napthalenol 59,090 Units in parts per billion (ppb) Additionally, Dichlorobenzenes and Trichlorobenzenes were found in the soil and water samples.

Toxic Materials in Soil and Water Lead, Nickel, Copper, Chromium, Hexachlorocyclohexane and chlorobenzenes were found in soil samples. Mercury was found to be between 20,000 to 6,000,000 times the standard level in soil.

Compensation and Legal Aspects Compensation of $470 million ($500 per dead). Twenty years of passiveness. Case was reviewed and put up in American Court. DOW Refused Union Carbide’s Liabilities in Bhopal, India.

20,000 KILLED 120,000 SEVERELY AFFECTED …And you thought only weapons could cause Mass Destruction

WATER POLLUTION Water pollution is a large set of adverse effects upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities.

The sources of WATER POLLUTION Throwing trashes in water Throwing low batteries in water,lakes,rivers and etc. The chemicals from factories that might flow to rivers

NOISE POLLUTION Noise pollution or environmental noise is displeasing human or machine created sound that disrupts the activity or happiness of human or animal life. A common form of noise pollution is from transportation, principally motor vehicles. The word "noise" comes from the Latin word nausea meaning "seasickness", or from a derivative (perhaps Latin noxia) of Latin noceō = "I do harm", referring originally to nuisance noise.

“cause and effect of NOISE POLLUTION” No one on earth can escape the sounds of noise- an unwanted, disturbing sound that causes a nuisance in the eye of the beholder. Noise is a disturbance to the human environment that is escalating at such a high rate that it will become a major threat to the quality of human lives. There are numerous effects on the human environment due to the increase in noise pollution. In the following paper, the cause and effects of noise pollution will be presented in some detail. Major sources of noise can be airplanes at takeoff and landing, and a truck just off the assembly line, yet we seem accept and enjoy countless other sounds, from hard rock music to loud Harley Davidson motor cycles. The following areas will be investigated in some detail; adolescent education, neural-effects, sleep, hearing damage, occupational environment, transportation, and physiological effects.

WASTE POLLUTION Waste, rubbish, trash, garbage, or junk is unwanted or undesired material. "Waste" is the general term; though the other terms are used loosely as synonyms, they have more specific meanings: rubbish or trash are mixed household waste and including paper and packaging; food waste or garbage (North America) is kitchen and table waste; and junk or scrap is metallic or industrial material. There are other categories of waste as well: sewage, ash, manure, and plant materials from garden operations, including grass cuttings, fallen leaves, and pruned branches.

“cause and effect of WASTE POLLUTION” cause, or significantly contribute to an increase in mortality (death) or an increase in serious irreversible, or incapacitating reversible illness; or pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment when improperly treated, stored, transported, or disposed of, or otherwise managed.

Still DEATH IS THE EFFECT OF ALL POLLUTION

Major Air pollution Disasters S.No Period and Location Conditions and causes Symptoms and Effects 1. Dec.1930 Meuse valley,Belgium Inversion,smoke,so2 and H2SO4 mist 63 deaths ; thousands ill ;irritation of of eyes and nose ;cough 2 Oct. 1948 Donora, (Pennsylvania) USA Inversion and fog;SO2;smoke;zinc particles; H2SO4 mist 20 deaths;45%of population ill ;irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory track;breathlessness,nausea 3 Nov.1950 PozaRica, maxico Shallow inversion;,fog and calm conditions,H2SO4 released due to burner failure 22 deaths;320hospitalised;irritation of respiratory tract

4 December1952; london;england Low temperature inversion ,thick fog,stagnant air,smoke and so2 accumulation 4000 deaths ; thousand s hospitalized for respiratory and heart diseases; chronic bronchitis, broncopneumonia 5 Jan1956 london, england Extended fog conditions similar to 1952 episode ;particulates and so2 1000 deaths 6 dec.1962 London, England Shallow inversion, thick fog,smoke,so2 700deaths;increased illness 7 Nov.1966, New york,USA So2; partivculates 168 deaths 8 Dec1984, Bhopal,India Release of 30 tonnes of deadly Methyl iso cyanate gas due to failure of system >20000 deaths;100000 people affected ;vomiting ;violent coughing ;chemical conjunctivitis ;suffocation, cardiac failure