16 Great Historical/Modern Migrations

16 Great Historical Migrations For each migration, please…. a 16 Great Historical Migrations For each migration, please… a. Mark with arrow on map b. Note origin, destination, and dates c. List notable push/pull factors d. Note if migration was voluntary (“V”) or forced (“F”).

1. Europe to N. America (15th-19th c.) (much faster after 1800)

Europe to N. America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: overpopulation (from stage II countries in Europe), religious persecution, political instability/war ● PULL: land!, economic opportunity (jobs), later…chain migration

Forced or Voluntary? Europe to N. America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: overpopulation (from stage II countries in Europe), religious persecution, political instability/war ● PULL: land!, economic opportunity (jobs), later…chain migration

Mostly Voluntary Europe to N. America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: overpopulation (from stage II countries in Europe), religious persecution, political instability/war, potato famine ● PULL: land!, economic opportunity (jobs), later…chain migration

2. Iberia to South and Central America (18th-19th c.)

2. Iberia to S. and Central America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Same as above ● PULL: Same as above + similar climate for agriculture (temperate region)

Forced or Voluntary? 2. Iberia to S. and Central America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Same as above ● PULL: Same as above + similar climate for agriculture (temperate region)

Mostly Voluntary 2. Iberia to S. and Central America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Same as above ● PULL: Same as above + similar climate for agriculture (temperate region)

3. British Isles to Africa/Australia (17th-18th c.)

3. Britain to Africa/Australia Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Export of Convicts (Austrialia), MERCANTILISM (control of foreign trade=security of state) ● PULL: Gold/Diamonds (S. Africa)

Forced or Voluntary? 3. Britain to Africa/Australia Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Export of Convicts (Austrialia), MERCANTILISM (control of foreign trade=security of state) ● PULL: Gold/Diamonds (S. Africa)

S. Africa stream: voluntary, Australia stream: forced 3. Britain to Africa/Australia Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Export of Convicts (Australia), MERCANTILISM (control of foreign trade=security of state) ● PULL: Gold/Diamonds (S. Africa)

4. Africa to Americas (15th-19th c.)

4. Africa to Americas Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Slave labor for plantations (first Caribbean, then S. Am. then N. Am.)

Forced or Voluntary? 4. Africa to Americas Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Slave labor for plantations (first Caribbean, then S. Am. then N. Am.)

Forced 4. Africa to Americas Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Slave labor for plantations (first Caribbean, then S. Am. then N. Am.)

5. India to East Africa / SE Asia / Caribbean (17th-18th c.)

5. India to E. Africa, SE Asia, Caribbean Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: British Colonial Indentured Servants (aka Time Contract Workers)

Forced or Voluntary? 5. India to E. Africa, SE Asia, Caribbean Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: British Colonial Indentured Servants (aka Time Contract Workers)

Officially voluntary (but really forced) 5. India to E. Africa, SE Asia, Caribbean Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: British Colonial Indentured Servants (aka Time Contract Workers)

6. China to SE Asia and Western U.S. (late 19th, early 20th c.)

6. China to SE Asia/North America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Political Instability (War) in China, Famine in China ● PULL: Textile Work (SE Asia), Construction Work (N. America)

Forced or Voluntary? 6. China to SE Asia/North America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Political Instability (War) in China, Famine in China ● PULL: Textile Work (SE Asia), Construction Work (N. America)

Both 6. China to SE Asia/North America Push/Pull factors: ● PUSH: Political Instability (War) in China, Famine in China ● PULL: Textile Work (SE Asia), Construction Work (N. America)

7. Eastern U. S. to Western U. S 7. Eastern U.S. to Western U.S. (Eastern interior early 1800’s, California after 1849, then interior filled in late 1800’s)

7. Eastern US to Western US Push/Pull factors: ● PULL: Canals, low priced land (Homestead Act), Gold Rush, railroads ● PUSH: Fleeing slavery, religious persecution, Dust Bowl

Forced or Voluntary? 7. Eastern US to Western US Push/Pull factors: ● PULL: Canals, low priced land (Homestead Act), Gold Rush, railroads ● PUSH: Fleeing slavery, religious persecution, Dust Bowl

Mostly voluntary 7. Eastern US to Western US Push/Pull factors: ● PULL: Canals, low priced land (Homestead Act), Gold Rush, railroads ● PUSH: Fleeing slavery, religious persecution, Dust Bowl

8. Western Russia to Eastern Russia (19th-20th c.)

8. Western Russia to Eastern Russia Push/Pull factors: ● PULL: Resource extraction (fossil fuels, forestry, hydroelectric power, mining), economic incentives (higher pay, early retirement) ● PUSH: “Russification” (30 million moved east under Csars and Communists)

Forced or Voluntary? 8. Western Russia to Eastern Russia Push/Pull factors: ● PULL: Resource extraction (fossil fuels, forestry, hydroelectric power, mining), economic incentives (higher pay, early retirement) ● PUSH: “Russification” (30 million moved east under Csars and Communists)

Forced, then later voluntary 8. Western Russia to Eastern Russia Push/Pull factors: ● PULL: Resource extraction (fossil fuels, forestry, hydroelectric power, mining), economic incentives (higher pay, early retirement) ● PUSH: “Russification” (30 million moved east under Csars and Communists)

Eight Historical Migrations TAKEAWAYS: 1. Before 1500, global migration was rare. 2. After 1500, global migration exploded, driven by European Imperialism and Industrialization. 3. 100 million Europeans have migrated since 1500.

Eight Important Modern Migrations (#’s 4 and 7 not mapped)

1. Mexico to US (1945-present)

Mexico to US Push/Pull factors: ● Pull: economic opportunity (jobs), Bracero program ● Push: drug crime, political corruption

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? Mexico to US Push/Pull factors: ● Pull: economic opportunity (jobs), Bracero program ● Push: drug crime, political corruption

Mostly Voluntary Mostly GW, (some refugees) Mexico to US Push/Pull factors: ● Pull: economic opportunity (jobs), Bracero program ● Push: drug crime, political corruption

2. Europe to Americas/Israel (post WWII)

2. Europe to Americas/Israel Push/Pull factors: ● Push: Fleeing aftermath of WWII, ethnic persecution (esp. Jews) ● Pull: Creation of Israel (1947)

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 2. Europe to Americas/Israel Push/Pull factors: ● Push: Fleeing aftermath of WWII, ethnic persecution (esp. Jews) ● Pull: Creation of Israel (1947)

Forced?? Mostly Refugees 2. Europe to Americas/Israel Push/Pull factors: ● Push: Fleeing aftermath of WWII, ethnic persecution (esp. Jews) ● Pull: Creation of Israel (1947)

3. Eastern Europe/Middle East/N. Africa to Western Europe (post WWII)

3. Eastern Europe/Middle East/N. Africa to Europe Push/Pull factors: ● Pull: Guest Work (“undesirable” jobs) ● Push: gender discrimination, poor governance, corruption, crime, no jobs, low pay,

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 3. Eastern Europe/Middle East/N. Africa to Europe Push/Pull factors: ● Pull: Guest Work (“undesirable” jobs) ● Push: gender discrimination, poor governance, corruption, crime, no jobs, low pay,

Voluntary Guest Workers (who then stay) 3. Eastern Europe/Middle East/N. Africa to Europe Push/Pull factors: ● Pull: Guest Work (“undesirable” jobs) ● Push: gender discrimination, poor governance, corruption, crime, no jobs, low pay,

4. Palestine to Jordan/Syria/Egypt (1947-present)

4. Palestine to Jordan/Syria/Egypt Push Pull: ● Push: 600,000 Palestinians displaced by creation of state of Israel in 1947, have become “permanent refugees”

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 4. Palestine to Jordan/Syria/Egypt Push Pull: ● Push: 600,000 Palestinians displaced by creation of state of Israel in 1947

Forced Refugees/IDPs 4. Palestine to Jordan/Syria/Egypt Push Pull: ● Push: 600,000 Palestinians displaced by creation of state of Israel in 1947

5. India to Pakistan/Bangladesh AND REVERSE (1947)

5. India to Pakistan/Bangladesh AND REVERSE Push/Pull factors: ● Push: 1947 Partition of India (religious persecution) ● 25 million people migrated…largest mass migration in history

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 5. India to Pakistan/Bangladesh AND REVERSE Push/Pull factors: ● Push: 1947 Partition of India (religious persecution) ● 25 million people migrated…largest mass migration in history

Forced? Refugees 5. India to Pakistan/Bangladesh AND REVERSE Push/Pull factors: ● Push: 1947 Partition of India (religious persecution) ● 25 million people migrated…largest mass migration in history

6. Afghanistan to Pakistan/Iran (1980-present)

6. Afghanistan to Pakistan/Iran Push/Pull factors: ● Push: 40 years of war (first Russians, then Taliban, then US) ● 2.5 million Afghanis in camps in Iran, 3.5 million in Pakistan!

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 6. Afghanistan to Pakistan/Iran Push/Pull factors: ● Push: 40 years of war (first Russians, then Taliban, then US) ● 2.5 million Afghanis in camps in Iran, 3.5 million in Pakistan!

Forced or Refugees and IDPs 6. Afghanistan to Pakistan/Iran Push/Pull factors: ● Push: 40 years of war (first Russians, then Taliban, then US) ● 2.5 million Afghanis in camps in Iran, 3.5 million in Pakistan!

7. Iraq/Syria to Turkey and Europe (1991-present)

7. Iraq/Syria to Turkey and Europe Push/Pull factors: ● Push: War! (Iraq War 2003-present, Syrian Civil War 2011-present ● 5 million Iraqis displaced (20% of population ● 11 million Syrians displaced (60%! of population)

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 7. Iraq/Syria to Turkey and Europe Push/Pull factors: ● Push: War! (Iraq War 2003-present, Syrian Civil War 2011-present ● 5 million Iraqis displaced (20% of population ● 11 million Syrians displaced (60%! of population)

Forced Refugee and IDP 7. Iraq/Syria to Turkey and Europe Push/Pull factors: ● Push: War! (Iraq War 2003-present, Syrian Civil War 2011-present ● 5 million Iraqis displaced (20% of population ● 11 million Syrians displaced (60%! of population)

8. Sudan to Sudan (IDPs) and Uganda (1983-present)

Forced or Voluntary? GW, Refugee, or IDP? 8. Sudan to Sudan (IDP) and Uganda Push/Pull factors: ● Push: War (3 million dead, 5 million displaced!), genocide (ethnic and religious cleansing), poverty, desertification, famine, poor governance/corruption

Forced Refugees and IDPs 8. Sudan to Sudan (IDP) and Uganda Push/Pull factors: ● Push: War (3 million dead, 5 million displaced!), genocide (ethnic and religious cleansing), poverty, desertification, famine, poor governance/corruption

Eight Modern Migrations TAKEAWAYS: 1. By sheer numbers, these modern migrations have been smaller than historical migrations. 2. Modern migration is driven by one pull factor (economic opportunity) and one push factor (war). 3. Top two refugee source regions today: SW Asia and Africa. 4. US has special role in migration: World’s #3 largest country is built on migration.