ENERGY AND LIFE

Energy and Life Plants and some other living things can use light energy from the sun to make food. Define the term autotroph. Define the term heterotroph.

Adenosine Triphosphate ATP or Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is a compound that cells use to store and release energy. ATP is the basic energy source of all cells Cells use ATP to carry out many activities. This includes things like active transport and protein synthesis ATP is a nucleotide

Things to Remember…Nucleotides Nucleotides are the building blocks of Nucleic Acids like DNA and RNA. Nucleotides can be used for storing genetic information AND storing huge amount of energy for a short period of time.

Where’s the energy at? When the last phosphate breaks off a ton of energy is released.

History of Photosynthesis Research into photosynthesis began centuries ago. First, scientists discovered that plants don’t in fact eat dirt. Second, scientists discovered that plants need light. Third, scientists discovered that plants excrete oxygen. Fourth and finally scientist realized that plants use light, carbon dioxide and water to make sugars.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Formula

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

Light Reactions This is the first part of photosynthesis that makes small amounts of ATP. Uses light…shocking, I know. ATP is used as fuel to run the next part of photosynthesis called the Calvin Cycle. 2 Ingredients needed to make ATP 2 Products

Calvin Cycle The second process in photosynthesis. This portion does not need sunlight, but instead uses ATP made from the previous reaction. Breaks up CO2 using ATP to make sugar 2 Ingredients needed to make sugar 1 Product from the Calvin Cycle

Rates of Photosynthesis Temperature can influence the rate of photosynthesis. Low temp. = slow; Mod temp = quick; High temp = STOP Carbon Dioxide levels can influence the rate of photosynthesis. Low CO2 = slow; Mod/High CO2 = quick; High CO2= stopping increasing Light Intensity can influence the rate of photosynthesis. Low LI = slow; Mod/High LI = quick; High LI = stopping increasing

Rate of Photosynthesis

Rate of Photosynthesis

Rate of Photosynthesis

Chemical Pathways Food is the energy source for cells. The energy in food is measured in calories. Cells gradually breakdown food compounds or glucose to release energy.

Anaerobic Respiration Anaerobic Respiration: refers to the breakdown of molecular bonds in the absence of oxygen to produce energy. It is also known as Fermentation

Anaerobic Cellular Respiration An = not or without Aero = oxygen Respiration = to make or create ATP from food sources.

Anaerobic Respiration GLYCOLYSIS First form of respiration to evolve First step in all forms of respiration Ends in the creation of 2 pyruvate molecules Makes 4 ATP (very, very little) NET GAIN IS 2 ATP

Glycolysis Glyco = sugar Lysis = to break or to cut

Glycolysis Glycolysis is the process by which a glucose molecule is split in half.

Anaerobic Respiration

Anaerobic Respiration Latic Acid Fermentation Occurs in animal muscle tissue Causes pain Allows glycolysis to continue Does not make ATP on it’s own; makes LACTATE Due to second run of glycolysis NET GAIN IS 2 additional ATP

Lactic Acid Pathway/Fermentation

Lactic Acid build up.

Anaerobic Respiration Alcoholic Fermentation Widely used commercially to produce alcoholic beverages Occurs in low/no oxygen situations Allows glycolysis to continue Does not make ATP on it’s own; makes ETHANOL & CARBON DIOXIDE Due to second run of glycolysis NET GAIN IS 2 additional ATP

Alcoholic Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

Alcoholic Fermentation

What will happen to Respiration if oxygen is around?

Aerobic Respiration Occurs within the MITOCHONDRIA Aerobic Respiration: refers to the breakdown of molecular bonds in the presence of oxygen to produce energy. Occurs within the MITOCHONDRIA

MITOCHONDRIA Found in both plants and animals Cristae folds: increase inner surface area of the inner membrane ENDOSYMBIONT

Anaerobic versus Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic Cellular Respiration