PSYCHOLOGY (8th Edition) PROLOGUE Psychology 7e in Modules

Bellringer Please define: How they are similar or different? the mind Write a response to the following statement. 5 minutes – 5 points Please define: the mind the brain. How they are similar or different? Psychology 7e in Modules

Definition of Psychology The scientific study of behavior and mental processes What is behavior ?– Anything an organism does - anything that can be observed What are mental processes? – the internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior (sensations, perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs, and feelings) Subjective – relating to or of the nature of an object as it isknown in the mind as distinct from a thing in itself Objective - not influenced by personal feelings, interpretations, orprejudice; based on facts; unbiased Psychology 7e in Modules

Roots of Psychology: Who, what, and when “I have made a ceaseless effort not to ridicule, not to bewail, not to scorn human actions, but to understand them.” Benedict Spinoza, A Political Treatise, 1677. Psychology 7e in Modules

Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.)Plato (428-348 B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas were innate. Psychology 7e in Modules

Why did Socrates and Plato believe this? Socrates and Plato used logic to come to their findings. LOGIC – the science that investigates the principles of governing correct or reliable inferences Psychology 7e in Modules

Prescientific Psychology Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle, Plato’s student, suggested that the soul is not separable from the body and that knowledge (ideas) grow from experience. “The soul is not separable from the body, and the same holds good of particular parts of the soul.” Aristotle, De Anima, 350 B.C. Psychology 7e in Modules

Aristotle Used careful observations From observing people, Aristotle believed that knowledge is not preexisting; instead, it grows from the experiences stored in our memories. Psychology 7e in Modules

Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes, like Socrates and Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how the immaterial mind and physical body communicated. Descartes like Plato believed the immaterial mind and physical body were separate but communicated in the brain at pineal gland. Animal spirits moved from the brain to act on the muscles and experiences lead the nerves to open up “pores” in the brain to form memories. Descartes was right about the nerves connecting the inside and the outside worlds but had no notion of how these nerves functioned. Psychology 7e in Modules

Descartes The mind and body must communicate – when you put your hand in the fire, your mind feels the pain How? - According to Descartes, there are “animal spirits” that travel. These spirits travel through hollow nerves from the brain to muscles, creating experiences and memories – known as reflexes Psychology 7e in Modules

Homework Study Figure 1 on pg 10 (Three Main Levels of Analysis) aka – Bio-Psycho-Social approach – be prepared to analyze a behavior or mental process using this approach Example - anger Psychology 7e in Modules

Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) Locke held that the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank sheet, at birth, and experiences wrote on it. Psychology 7e in Modules

BELL RINGER Think – Pair – Share Think about the question Pair up with a partner Share out with the class when called Who were the early people we studied in psychology and what did they believe? Psychology 7e in Modules

What comes from Locke? Locke’s beliefs helped form modern empiricism (knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation) 14 Psychology 7e in Modules 14

Key Terms Monism – the belief that the mind and body are separate, different aspects of the same thing – Exist independently of each other Dualism – the presumption that the mind and body are two distinct entities that interact – exist in concert with each other Mind – what the brain does Brain – the physical component of the head 15 Psychology 7e in Modules 15

Bell Ringer Place your BIO-PSYCHO-SOCIAL homework on your desk to be checked for completion. We are going to check your work together, as a class. After reviewing, if you are missing a component of the BIO-PSYCH-SOCIAL approach, add it to your chart. Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychological Science is Born Wundt and Titchener studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Wundt (1832-1920) Titchner (1867-1927) OBJECTIVE 3| Explain how early psychologists sought to understand the mind’s structure and functions, and identify some of the leading psychologists who worked in these areas. Structuralism: Wundt and his student Titchner focused on the elements of mind, and studied it by using introspection (self-reflection). Wundt established the first laboratory of psychology in 1879 at Leipzig, Germany, and wrote the first textbook of psychology. Psychology 7e in Modules

Structuralism Wundt and his student Titchner focused on the elements of mind, and studied it by using introspection (self-reflection). Introspection – asking people to look inside themselves and share their beliefs, feelings, etc… Problems with introspection – people have to be honest and straightforward Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychological Science is Born Functionalism William James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins Functionalism: James suggested that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the elements of mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested that the function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive. James admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard. Influenced by Darwin, William James established the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. Psychology 7e in Modules

Functionalism James suggested that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the elements of mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested that the function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive. Psychology 7e in Modules

Mary Calkins James admitted the first woman student Mary Calkins to Harvard and tutored her. Despite his efforts she was not able to attain her PhD from Harvard. Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychological Science is Born The Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. Freud (1856-1939) Psychology 7e in Modules

Behaviorism Watson (1878-1958) Skinner (1904-1990) Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. OBJECTIVE 4| Describe the evolution of psychology as defined from 1920s to through today. Ivan Pavlov a Russian Physiologist, James Watson and Skinner were all instrumental in developing the science of psychology and emphasized behavior instead of mind or mental thoughts. From 1920 to 1960, psychology in the US was heavily oriented towards behaviorism. Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow (1908-1970) Rogers (1902-1987) Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. Psychology 7e in Modules

Bell Ringer – Think for 3 minutes – Discuss for 5 minutes as a class What does Nature vs. Nurture mean to you? Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychology’s Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Nature What we are born with – Genes, heredity, etc… Nurture How we are raised – our surroundings, environment, etc… Darwin (1809-1882) Darwin stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. OBJECTIVE 5| Summarize the nature-nurture debate in psychology, and describe the principle of natural selection. Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Bio-psycho-social approach considers the influence of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors on behavior. Each approach provides an incomplete explanation of behaviors. OBJECTIVE 6| Identify the three main levels of analysis in the biopsychosocial approach, and explain why psychology’s varied perspectives are complementary. Biopsychosocial approach considers the influence of biological, psychological, and socio-cultural factors on behavior. Each approach provides an incomplete explanation of behaviors. Psychology 7e in Modules

BIOLOGICAL GENETIC PREDISPOSITION GENETIC MUTATIONS NATURAL SELECTION OF ADAPTIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORS GENES RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Psychology 7e in Modules

PSYCHOLOGICAL LEARNED FEARS AND OTHER LEARNED EXPECTATIONS EMOTIONAL RESPONSES COGINITIVE PROCESS AND PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATIONS Psychology 7e in Modules

SOCIAL-CULTURAL PRESENCES OF OTHERS CULTURAL, SOCIETAL, AND FAMILY EXPECTATIONS PEER AND OTHER GROUP INFLUENCES COMPELLING MODELS Psychology 7e in Modules

Bell Ringer – Think-Pair-Share With a partner, take turns coming up with the type of questions a psychologist might ask when doing their job. Example – How does that make you feel?

Perspectives of Psychology Different psychologist specialize in different areas. Following are the current perspective, their focus, and sample questions that help describe each perspective. Psychology 7e in Modules

NEUROSCIENCE Questions: How are messages transmitted in the body? Focus: How the body and brain enables emotions Questions: How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with mood and motives? Psychology 7e in Modules

Evolutionary Focus: How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? Questions: How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Psychology 7e in Modules

Behavior Genetics Focus: How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? Questions: To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychodynamic Focus: How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? Questions: How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Psychology 7e in Modules

Behavioral How we learn observable responses? Focus: How we learn observable responses? Questions: How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? Psychology 7e in Modules

Cognitive How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? Focus: How we encode, process, store and retrieve information? Questions: How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem solving? Psychology 7e in Modules

Social-Cultural Focus: How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures? Questions: How are we — as Africans, Asians, Australians or North Americans – alike as members of human family? As products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ? Psychology 7e in Modules

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described Someone working from the _____________ perspective might study how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors’ genes. answer – Evolutionary Perspective

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described 2. Someone working from the ____________ perspective might study the facial expressions and body gestures that accompany anger, or might attempt to determine which external stimuli results in angry responses or aggressive acts. answer - behavioral

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described 3. Someone working on the ________ perspective might study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking. answer - Cognitive

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described 4. Someone working from the ___________ perspective might view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility. answer - Psychodynamic

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described 5. Someone working on the ___________ perspective might explore which situations produce the most anger, and how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts. answer – Social-Cultural

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described 6. Someone working from the __________ perspective might study the brain circuits that produce the physical state of being “red in the face” and “hot under the collar.” answer - Neuroscience

Test your knowledge – what perspective is described 7. Someone working from the _____________ perspective might study how heredity and experience influence our individual differences in temperament. answer – Behavior Genetics Perspective

Bell ringer – Which isn’t a psychologist? A white-coated scientist probing a rat’s brain. An intelligence research measuring how quickly an infant becomes bored with a familiar picture. An executive evaluating a new “health life-style” training program for employees. Someone at a computer keyboard analyzing data on whether adopted teens’ temperaments more closely resemble those of their adoptive parents or those of their biological parents. A therapist listening carefully to a client’s depressed thoughts. A traveler en route to another culture to collect data on variations in human values and behaviors A teacher or writer sharing the joy of psychology with others

ALL OF THEM REPRESENT A PSYCHOLOGIST Answer ALL OF THEM REPRESENT A PSYCHOLOGIST

Types of psychologist Basic Research To build psychology’s knowledge base Applied Research Aims to solve a practical problem

Types of psychologist Subfields: Research What they do Biological Explore the links between brain and mind. Developmental Study changing abilities from womb to tomb. Cognitive Study how we perceive, think, and solve problems. Personality Investigate our persistent traits. Social Explore how we view and affect one another. OBJECTIVE 7| Identify some of the psychology’s subfields, and explain the difference between clinical psychology and psychiatry. Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997 Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Psychologist What they do Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. Psychology 7e in Modules

Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997 Psychology 7e in Modules

Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients. Psychology 7e in Modules

Who Am I? I meet regularly with a person suffering with bi-polar disorder. I evaluate them and offer treatment in the form of therapy and medication. Answer – Clinical Psychologist

Answers – Educational Psychologist Who Am I? 2. I work at a university where I meet with students to discuss with them how they learn and develop as a student. My research also includes meeting with grade-school children. Answers – Educational Psychologist

Who Am I? 3. I am a medical doctor that treats the mind. I can prescribe medication to my patients. Answer - Psychiatrist

Answer – Industrial/Organizational Psychologist Who Am I? 4.I am a psychologist that consults with large corporations on how they can become more productive by providing motivation and incentives to their workers. Answer – Industrial/Organizational Psychologist

Who Am I? 5.I lend an ear to people when they feel overwhelmed. I often discuss martial problems, academic problems, and social problems with my clients. The type of treatment I offer my clients is mostly being an ear and offering support. Answer – Counseling Psychologist

Who Am I? 6.I am a psychologist with a Ph.D. I treat my patients with psychotherapy. Answer – Clinical Psychologist

How much do they make? Salaries for Various Psychology Jobs Career Counselor: $46,000 Clinical Psychologist: $63,000 Counselor: $47,530 Health Psychologist: $40,000 (entry-level) to $85,000 (advanced-level) Industrial-Organizational Psychologist: $97,820 Psychiatrist: $144,020 School Counselor: $53,750 School Psychologist: $59,440 Sports Psychologist: $54,000 Substance Abuse Counselor: $59,460

How much school is needed? Clinical Psychologist: Doctorate Degree in Psychology (4 to 7 years of graduate school) Industrial-Organizational Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) Licensed Counselor: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) School Psychologist: Varies by state (2 to 3 years of graduate school) Health Psychologist: Doctorate Degree (4 to 5 years of graduate school) Sports Psychologist: Master's Degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) School Psychologist: Master's degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school) Child Psychologist: Doctoral degree (5 to 7 years of graduate school) Criminal Psychologist: Master's degree (2 to 3 years of graduate school); a doctoral degree is recommended.

Homework – Written response You have to choose a career in psychology. What type of psychologist would you like to become and why? What educational sacrifices would you have to make? Write a 1 page response. – 50 points

Close-up Your Study of Psychology Survey, Question, Read, Review and Reflect (SQ3R) Survey: What you are about to read, including chapter outlines and section heads. Question: Ask questions. Make notes. Read: Make sure you read outlines, sections and chapters in entirety. Review: Margin definitions. Study learning outcomes. Reflect: On what you learn. Test yourself with quizzes. Psychology 7e in Modules

Review for quiz People of psychology and what they believed Schools of psychology Nature vs nurture Perspectives of psychology Types of psychologist SQ3R Psychology 7e in Modules