The Establishment of the Modern State of Israel

Abraham’s Journeys

The Original Covenant It was with Abraham that God, known as Yahweh, made a covenant, promising to protect Abraham and his descendants, to wage wars on their behalf, and to obtain for them the land of Canaan, an area roughly approximate to modern Israel and the occupied West Bank . In exchange, Abraham and his people were bound individually and collectively to follow the ethical precepts and rituals laid down by God. In another part of the Torah, God pledges to Abraham's descendants "the land from the river of Egypt to the great river, the river Euphrates," an area much larger than historic Canaan. Both Jews and Arabs claim descendancy from Abraham and claim to be heirs to the covenant.

Abraham’s Descendents HAGAR ABRAHAM SARAH Ishmael Isaac 12 Arabian Tribes Jacob Esau 12 Tribes of Israel

Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt c. 3050 B. C. E. ?

“Shepherd of His People” Moses “Shepherd of His People” “Prince of Egypt”

Route of the Exodus

Moses and the 10 Commandmets A new “covenant” with Yahweh

Mount Sinai

St. Catherine’s Monastery at Mount Sinai

The Promised Land From Mount Nebo "Go up into the Abarim Range to Mount Nebo in Moab, across from Jericho, and view Canaan, the land I am giving the Israelites as their own possession. There on the mountain that you have climbed you will die and be gathered to your people. . . Deuteronomy 32:49-52

King David’s Empire Lived: c.1037 – 967 B.C.E, Reigned over Judah c.1007- 1000 B.C.E, and over Judah and Israel c.1000 - 967 BC.

Solomon’s Kingdom Born c. 1000 BCE Died 931 BCE

Soloman’s Temple The Arc of the Covenant

The Temple Mount, Jerusalem Solomon’s Temple Wall: The “Wailing” Wall

Kingdoms of Judah & Israel

The Assyrian Empire ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Nebuchadnezzar II’s Babylon 605 BCE-561 BCE

Israelites in Captivity

Frees Jews from Captivity The Persian Empire Cyrus the Great, c. 590 BCE—530 BC, Frees Jews from Captivity

Alexander the Great & the Hellenization of the Near East

Roman Judea

Herod the Great’s Kingdom

The Jewish Revolt (66-70 C. E.) Masada

The Jewish Diaspora

St. Paul: Apostle to the Gentiles

Constantine Embraces Christianity Constantine faced Western Roman Emperor Maxentius at the Tiber River's Mulvian Bridge in A.D. 312. He saw a flaming cross in the sky bearing the words "in this sign thou shalt conquer."

Justinian’s Empire at its Peak

The Dreyfus Case, 1894 Capt. Alfred Dreyfus Emile Zola

Zionism GOALS: The spiritual and political renewal of the Jewish people in its ancestral homeland of Palestine. Freedom from Western anti-Semitism. Theodore Herzl 1860-1904

First Zionist Conference, 1897 Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, or The Jewish State in 1896. Met in Basel, Switzerland. Creates the First Zionist Congress. Becomes an international Jewish organization. “Next Year in Jerusalem!”

The Ottoman Empire in WWI

Victor Emmanuel II [It] The Main Players in WWI Allied Powers: Central Powers: Nicholas II [Rus] Wilhelm II [Ger] George V [Br] Victor Emmanuel II [It] Enver Pasha [Turkey] Pres. Poincare [Fr] Franz Josef [A-H]

The Middle East in 1914

“Lawrence of Arabia,” The Legend Begins T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935] “Lawrence of Arabia,” The Legend Begins

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915 Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca ....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca.... Hussein ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration, 1917 His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine… Sir Arthur James Balfour Br. Foreign Secretary

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918 Arab Disappointment!

The League of Nations Mandates

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge! Prince Abdullah  “ruler” of Trans-Jordan. Prince Faisal  “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinct geographic regions]. The House of Saud  Seize the throne of the newly-created Saudi Arabia. The Pahlavi Family  put on the throne of a new Iran. Mustafa Kemal  leads a military/nationalist movement in Turkey.

The Middle East Between the Wars

The British in Palestine (1919-1947)

British Mandate in Palestine Created July, 1922

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there was 1 Jew to every 10 Arabs in Palestine. By 1947, the ratio was 1 Jew to every 2 Arabs in Palestine. The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”] 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD! [“Slaughter All the Jews!”] Jewish 1919 1,806 1920 8,223 1921 8,294 1922 8,685 1923 8,175 1924 13,892 1925 34,386 1926 13,855 1927 3,034 1928 2,178 1929 5,249 1930 4,944 Immigration 1931 4,075 1932 12,533 1933 37,337 1934 45,267 1935 66,472 1936 29,595 1937 10,629 1938 14,675 1939 31,195 1940 10,643 1941 4,592

Demographic Evolution of Palestine 1850-1947 •1850 Census: 600,000 (30,000 Jews, 6%) •1922 Census: 757,182 (83,794 Jews, 11%) •1931 Census: 1,035,821 (174,000 Jews, 16%) •1947 Census: 1,908, 775 (589,341 Jews, 31%)

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System First one founded in 1908. Communal living. “Make the Desert Bloom!”

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler. Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939 Their Goals: An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine. An end to the transfer of lands to Jewish owners. A new “general representative government.” The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Peel Commission Partition Plan, 1937

British White Paper of 1939 Limited Jewish immigration to Palestine to 75,000 over the next five years. It ended Jewish land purchases. Independence for Palestine within 10 years. It is NOT British policy that Palestine become a Jewish state.

Hitler’s “Final Solution” The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine. The Exodus, 1947.

British “Detention” Camps in Cyprus : 1946-1948

Jewish “Freedom Fighters” (or “Terrorists”?) Irgun Zvai Leumi [Natl. Military Org.] Avraham Stern & The Stern Gang

King David Hotel Jerusalem, June 1946

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Truman Opts for Partition Over Objections of Departments of State and Defense “I'm sorry, gentlemen, but I have to answer to hundreds of thousands who are anxious for the success of Zionism: I do not have hundreds of thousands of Arabs among my constituents." --Harry S. Truman

Truman’s Personal Note

Israel Becomes a Nation: May 14, 1948 Chaim Weizmann, 1st President David Ben-Gurion, 1st Prime Minister

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

The Palestinian Diaspora begins! Arab Refugees, 1948 The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949

Evolution of Israel Through the Ages

Israel Today