SCIENTIFIC METHOD Make Observations/Ask a Question A. The act by which the scientist recognizes and notes a specific phenomenon that can be measured. B. Based on the phenomenon, the scientist asks a question to be formulated into a hypothesis and tested.

Make Observations/Ask a Question General Assumptions Uniformitarianism The laws of nature always have and will operate in the same way therefore measurable. Causality Scientific phenomenons occur due to natural causes and not due to acts of God.

Make Observations/Ask a Question Scientific Reasoning (Logic) Inductive Using a set of specific observations or experiences to come to a generalized conclusion. Deductive Using the conclusion determined by inductive reasoning to form an opinion.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD II. Formulate a Hypothesis An explanation (educated guess) aimed toward the solution of the question using inductive reasoning. “Lemons are sour”

SCIENTIFIC METHOD III. Make a Prediction Expected outcomes of an experiment using “if, then” deductive reasoning. If I tasted lemons from all over the world, then the lemons will be sour”

SCIENTIFIC METHOD IV. Design a Controlled Experiment. Definition Conducting two simultaneous experiments that are identical except for the factor tested.

Controlled Experiment Variables Independent The factor being tested in one experimental group. Controlled Conditions that are held constant in both experimental groups so that they will not affect the outcome. Dependent Final outcome or results.

Controlled Experiment Types of Controlled Studies Blind Study Participants do not know if they are part of the control or experimental group. Double Blind Study Neither researchers nor participants know which members are part of the control or experimental group. Placebo Study An inactive (fake) substance is given to one group to test its suggestive effect.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD V. Collect & Analyze Data Statistical Analysis Arranging numerical data into an observable format.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD VI. Formulate A Conclusion Conclusion Acceptance or rejection of the hypothesis based on the statistical data.  

Scientific Theory Hypothesis that is widely accepted because repeated observations, experiments, and data draw the same conclusion.

Scientific Law Higher levels of confidence based on exhaustive observations and experimentation of a theory that result in the same conclusion.

Jack's Principle A final conclusion strictly based on when you get tired of thinking about it.

UNCERTAINTY OF SCIENCE NOTHING IS "FOR SURE"

LIMITS OF SCIENCE IF IT IS NOT TESTABLE, EVENTS CANNOT BE EXPLAINED SCIENTIFICALLY