Chapter Eight At the Turn of the Century 과 목 : 미국문학사 담당교수님 : 김연만 교수님 학 교 : 한밭대학교 학 과 : 영어과 2학년 학 생 : 손화연, 조은정, 이훈재 제 출 일 : 2009년 11월 3일

손화연 이은정(cameo 강주희) 이훈재

Content Herny adams(1838-1918) P2 Frank Norris (1870-1902) P3 Jack London (1876-1916) P4 ~ P5 Upton Sinclair,(1878~1968) P6 ~ P7 1

At the turn of the Century +Herny adams(1838-1918) 1.To Adams, the naturalist, inhuman and uncontrollable forces rule our lives. (environmental determinism) : "Chaos is the law of nature; order , the dream of man." 2.He often uses the image of the Virgin Mary to represent the old ideal.  Virgin Mary - unity and the force of the inner spirit.  Electricity and steam engines - the new "silent and infinite forces". At the turn of the century , words and phrases like " uncontrollable forces", "energy" and "evolution " were appearing in other novels. Writers were greatly influenced by Zola's "scientific "study of man , by Darwin's theory of evolution and by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, which attacked Christianity. The writers were asking whether the individual could really choose between good and evil. when they looked at the many outside forces influencing a person, the area of individual choice and responsibility seemed quite small. 2

+Frank Norris (1870-1902) His works are clearly influenced by this new way of thinking. His characters are moved around by "passions" or by "fate". the whole world , natural and human ,is a battlefield between uncontrollable forces. <Mc Teague> (1899) In this novel , he describes a california landscape and the mechanical power which opposes it . <The octopus> (1901) The novel about the battle between California wheat formers and the Southern Pacific Railroad. As in Mc Teague ,we see the conflict between the power of nature and a mechanical monster. In this novel and in The pit(1903) , Norris uses wheat as the symbol of life. His writing style seem closer to such romantic writers as Hawthorne. 3

Jack London (1876-1916) p100 He like Frank Norris, was deeply influenced by Darwin’s ideas (theory of evolution<진화론>) of constant struggle in nature and “the survival of the fittest”.(적자생존) The laws of nature govern everything and everybody inside or outside society in London’s novels. Sometimes people are defeated by these laws. Sometimes he was a Darwinian naturalist . Also sometimes he was a Marxian socialist. (마르크스주의자 : 공산주의 이론 체계 역사유물론 ) Later he rejected socialism and seemed to support a kind of white racism. Although he often changed his philosophy, the quality of his writing was always high. 4

Jack London (1876-1916) The heroes of His best stories are animals. In his famous Call of the wild(1903) The dog, Buck, is taken from his easy life in California and brought to the frozen environment of Alaska. He survives because he is a “ superior individual ”. In the end, he returns to the world of his ancestors. He becomes the leader of a pack of wolves. movie 5

UPTON SINCLAIR Upton Sinclair,(1878~1968) Sinclair was born in Baltimore. His father was a liquor salesman whose alcoholism shadowed his son's childhood. Experiencing the differences of the two worlds of wealth and poverty affected him greatly and highly influenced his novels. The onset of the Great Depression was a key factor in changing opinions on social issues 6

His Works The Jungle - 1906 King Coal - 1917 The Brass Check - 1919 Oil - 1927 Boston - 1928 The Cup of Fury - 1956 The Coal War - 1976 7

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